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"value" => "<p>Characteristic of speech that moves forward by recomposing and reorganizing its constituent elements. Both a form of repetition and variation, of resumption and declension, a scheme and a combinatorics, combination is as much a poetic resource as it is a rhetorical one</p>\r\n ◀<p>Characteristic of speech that moves forward by recomposing and reorganizing its constituent elements. Both a form of repetition and variation, of resumption ▶"
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"value" => "<p>Qualité d’une parole qui avance en recomposant et réorganisant les éléments qui la constituent. Tout à la fois répétition et variation, reprise et déclinaison, combine et combinatoire, la combinaison est une ressource poétique autant que rhétorique.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Qualité d’une parole qui avance en recomposant et réorganisant les éléments qui la constituent. Tout à la fois répétition et variation, reprise et déclinaiso ▶"
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<p><strong>Combination | Characteristic of speech that moves forward by recomposing and reorganizing its constituent elements. Both a form of repetition and variation, of resumption and declension, a scheme and a combinatorics, combination is as much a poetic resource as it is a rhetorical one. </strong></p>\r\n ◀<p><strong>Combination | Characteristic of speech that moves forward by recomposing and reorganizing its constituent elements. Both a form of repetition and var ▶
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<p>A classic example of combination is given to us by Molière, in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="78e4012b-bcae-4c0b-9990-b20c1553c577" href="/node/12335">this famous scene from <em>Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme</em></a>. Monsieur Jourdain wants to write the words “beautiful Marchioness, your lovely eyes make me die of love” in a letter, but “turned stylishly, well-arranged as necessary”. He asks the master of philosophy to “tell me, just to see, the diverse ways they could be put”, all while insisting that he wants “only those words in the note”: the finite and exclusive aspect of the terms available gives the master of philosophy no other choice but to recombine them in (almost) every way possible. </p>\r\n ◀<p>A classic example of combination is given to us by Molière, in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="78e4012b-bca ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre">Ontological Combinations</h4>\r\n
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<p>Language is combinatorial by essence: at heart, speaking consists of combining a finite number of elements, especially the vocabulary available at any given moment. It is only when, for various reasons, this set of elements finds itself limited to a small number that the phenomenon of combination becomes apparent. For example, when a person <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="d90b1437-d24a-44d2-86b0-f9de49e26bac" href="/node/9557">addresses a dog using only the instructions “lie down”, “sit”, and “stand up”</a>.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Language is combinatorial by essence: at heart, speaking consists of combining a finite number of elements, especially the vocabulary available at any given ▶
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<p>But one can combine other elements than words. In <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="909b1eb6-64c2-4cbf-9d5a-cdd6bbe3a5bf" href="/node/9860">this recording</a>, two babies dialogue exclusively using the syllable “da”, which is affected by various rising and descending combined intonations. This intonative combination is what allows them to mimic the form of conversation.</p>\r\n ◀<p>But one can combine other elements than words. In <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="909b1eb6-64c2-4cbf-9d5a-c ▶
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<p>In <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1a29b747-15e8-4b62-ae6b-1b11a63ab9d8" href="/node/10407">this other excerpt</a>, a French child does not combine words, strictly speaking, but sounds inspired by what she imagines the English language to be: the combination of these sounds allows her to invent an original kind of gibberish, in almost the same way as <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="3cd07f26-4286-4129-b6fc-5f27046906a6" href="/node/10285">the dadaist poet Raoul Hausmann</a> in his day. </p>\r\n ◀<p>In <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1a29b747-15e8-4b62-ae6b-1b11a63ab9d8" href="/node/10407">this other exce ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre">Closed Combinations</h4>\r\n
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<p>The most striking examples of combination are those in which speech takes shape exclusively through the permutation of a very small number of elements. </p>\r\n ◀<p>The most striking examples of combination are those in which speech takes shape exclusively through the permutation of a very small number of elements. ▶
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<p>The most mathematical combinatory strategy consists of systematically exhausting every arrangement possible. This is what the poet Brion Gysin does, three centuries after Molière, in his <em>Permutation poems</em>, the first of which, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7060ee93-cea5-4fb3-9fea-67d915219aa0" href="/node/12322">“I am that I am”</a>, is the most well-known: he combines the five words of this phrase from the Bible in every way possible, resulting in a poem of 5x4x3x2x1=120 lines (note that Gysin does not deduct the duplicates produced by the fact that the elements “I” and “am” are repeated in the initial phrase). </p>\r\n ◀<p>The most mathematical combinatory strategy consists of systematically exhausting every arrangement possible. This is what the poet Brion Gysin does, three ce ▶
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<p>The combination of a very small number of elements is sometimes used as a conceptual technique. It can be heard in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="67f72ba4-c873-457e-8215-54396dde8536" href="/node/12347">this press conference by Donald Rumsfeld</a>, during which the then-Secretary of Defense opposes the terms “known” and “unknown” to draft something like a personal epistemology: there is what we know we know; there is what we know we don’t know; and there is what we don’t know we don’t know (Rumsfeld does not run through the entire combination, as he neglects its fourth term, namely that which we know we know). </p>\r\n ◀<p>The combination of a very small number of elements is sometimes used as a conceptual technique. It can be heard in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" da ▶
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<p>Our collection contains other examples of this kind of closed permutation, though these show no will to exhaust every possibility; for reasons linked to the activity they are engaged in, the speaker in cases like these has access to a limited number of words whose usage depends on an external activity (see the entry on <a href="https://encyclopediedelaparole.org/en/entrees/indexation">Indexations</a>). Such is the case when <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4a07f078-e811-41c3-a29d-ac7be1f814f0" href="/node/9893">having fun naming colors that appear onscreen in the game <em>Guitar Hero</em></a>; when playing <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f1989771-5918-444d-b7fd-b1fac1d58b22" href="/node/10221">the TV game Les Chiffres et les lettres</a>, or when commenting a soccer game by naming the players, one by one, whenever they have the ball. </p>\r\n ◀<p>Our collection contains other examples of this kind of closed permutation, though these show no will to exhaust every possibility; for reasons linked to the ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre">Open Combinations</h4>\r\n
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<p>The most common combinations, however, are those in which a finite number of elements are redistributed while being mixed in with other suitable terms. The more the recurrence of identical terms is spaced out, the more open the combination will be. </p>\r\n ◀<p>The most common combinations, however, are those in which a finite number of elements are redistributed while being mixed in with other suitable terms. The m ▶
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<p>Among open yet tightly bound combinations, one can find situations in which the speaker’s discourse is primarily based on a small number of words or phrases that emerge regularly and in disorder: such is the case of these two people (<a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="a51d018d-8d39-44b3-8cf9-4abeb15b1e64" href="/node/10141">Cherche chève</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="3329c040-81e2-4674-bb61-5116f969a538" href="/node/10038">Allez poulette</a>) who are once again addressing a dog (addressing animals is decidedly conducive to combinations). The same is true of <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f4ef0cd4-3ab9-45e9-9ac7-361d78af71ae" href="/node/10154">this man having a panic attack in an airplane</a>. </p>\r\n ◀<p>Among open yet tightly bound combinations, one can find situations in which the speaker’s discourse is primarily based on a small number of words or phrases ▶
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<p>In documents like <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8ae0b134-22c1-438f-a205-5bf2fffa2822" href="/node/10323">Mer agitée des pluies</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="46e4394d-4f11-4f39-bb6d-2b63c545c3fd" href="/node/12245">Nine seventy five</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="02fd308a-c3d4-40b1-9645-efe77050a9de" href="/node/9636">Calculer une intégrale</a>, or <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="13f5fb2b-cec7-4a24-a9ec-915cac254503" href="/node/10178">I dupli u stranu</a>, the speaker’s professional occupation (respectively: a shipping forecast presenter, an auctioneer, a mathematics professor, a gym coach) involves necessary recourse to a certain number of specialized terms that regularly return to delineate, punctuate, and pace their discourse. Natural language serves to unbind (in the culinary sense of the term) the necessary repetition of these terms. </p>\r\n ◀<p>In documents like <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8ae0b134-22c1-438f-a205-5bf2fffa2822" href="/node/10323"> ▶
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<p>The combinatory effects mentioned in the examples above appear to be purely coincidental. But combinatorics can also serve as an intentional rhetorical resource. Such is the case of the documents <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4ec54acd-e404-48ba-81a7-8d761092795e" href="/node/10082">Tapiner dans le 9.2</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="5d1fcc61-35ae-4282-b2a4-37ec50d385ee" href="/node/12353">Des démons</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="62ec3d6e-bf40-418a-ac3a-4dd1f275301e" href="/node/9389">Filles et femmes du monde entier</a>, in which one can hear how the recurrence and combination of a small number of words allows for insistence, reformulation, conviction, or intimidation. An even more spectacular example can be found in Catalan soccer commentator Josep Maria Puyal <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="86445921-f3b0-4586-bff1-bb0331a20333" href="/node/12543">celebrating a goal by Messi</a>, improvising as if in a modernist poem. </p>\r\n ◀<p>The combinatory effects mentioned in the examples above appear to be purely coincidental. But combinatorics can also serve as an intentional rhetorical resou ▶
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<p>As noted regarding Brion Gysin, permutation is a technique commonly used in poetry by the avant-garde, especially in constructivism. <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="e754f2fd-2f41-498a-bba8-5052c520b112" href="/node/9474">Gertrude Stein</a> is likely the poet to have most employed it, and most systematically. It can also be heard, even without speaking Arabic, in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="16a1e4ab-c2aa-4a07-ba4c-344eb21a4374" href="/node/12329">this poem recited by Mahmoud Darwich</a>, or with <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="507b46f7-8b37-4b80-b918-bfa64fd48627" href="/node/9454">Christophe Tarkos</a>. </p>\r\n ◀<p>As noted regarding Brion Gysin, permutation is a technique commonly used in poetry by the avant-garde, especially in constructivism. <a data-entity-substitut ▶
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<p>These same effects and strategies are often used by hypnotists, whether <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f04d51d0-8098-4897-bf94-5bc19c572b11" href="/node/12315">in French</a> or <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="d7479102-f2b3-47f4-b31a-bebb40aba032" href="/node/10138">in English</a>. The rhetorics of hypnotic induction are indeed primarily based on the rhythmic play of repetition-variation that allows for both dulling the patient’s vigilance and imperceptibly pushing the discourse forward. </p>\r\n ◀<p>These same effects and strategies are often used by hypnotists, whether <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f04 ▶
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<p>In certain special cases, combination takes place at the level of phonemes, syllables, vowels, and consonants, rather than words: such is the case of <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7e93a617-df0f-4c1d-9b62-97d702570fef" href="/node/12317">Raymond Devos with the syllables “sou” and “su”</a>, of <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="b3df4c54-1272-4094-8a53-3bd1b8e8f69f" href="/node/9412">this tongue-twister</a> which combines alliterations in “b”, of <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8c086bee-ed1e-44f8-8f95-959195cd627c" href="/node/12332">Gherasim Luca in his famous poem “Passionnément”</a>, and of <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="3cd07f26-4286-4129-b6fc-5f27046906a6" href="/node/10285">Raoul Hausmann</a>. </p>\r\n ◀<p>In certain special cases, combination takes place at the level of phonemes, syllables, vowels, and consonants, rather than words: such is the case of <a data ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre">Orbital Combinations</h4>\r\n
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<p>In a certain number of open combinations, speech revolves around a single element that is repeated, declined, or conjugated with other terms. It functions as the point of reference around which all sorts of variations are combined. </p>\r\n ◀<p>In a certain number of open combinations, speech revolves around a single element that is repeated, declined, or conjugated with other terms. It functions as ▶
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<p>This often serves to insist upon something. Such is the case of <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="608ce3b1-3507-47e1-aabc-c1a2a37efd29" href="/node/9848">this interview with Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a>; the repetition of the terms “heavy” and “heaviness” occurs in a new arrangement each time, to boost it and give it new weight. In a similar way, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8a6fadb6-90d8-4a70-82d0-0d7aa05690b3" href="/node/10036">this German personal development coach</a> hinges his entire discourse on the term “problem”, making it by turns subject and predicate of his utterances. The same is true of the word “clochard” (bum) in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6ffbb9fc-ccb7-4124-a61a-3d54d1fe5082" href="/node/10118">this enlightened monologue on the metro</a>.</p>\r\n ◀<p>This often serves to insist upon something. Such is the case of <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="608ce3b1-35 ▶
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<p>A phenomenon specific to these orbital combinations: speech is built around a single term that is modulated across its grammatical forms (called “polyptotons” in rhetorics). For example, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7c9952be-16a8-4a7b-9a4c-8d9357dfad2c" href="/node/12330">this telephone message</a>, in which the utterances “he called me”, “I’m going to call him back”, “I called him”, “I have to call him back”, “to call him back”, “thanks for having called me back” are combined. A similar use of polyptotons can be heard <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="3992d6ae-5d82-4f18-b621-55238f139ffc" href="/node/12327">in this other poem by Christophe Tarkos</a>, or <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="19046005-383f-4273-9aee-0f2503a4298f" href="/node/9640">with Allen Ginsberg</a>.</p>\r\n ◀<p>A phenomenon specific to these orbital combinations: speech is built around a single term that is modulated across its grammatical forms (called “polyptotons ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre">Accidental Combinations</h4>\r\n
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<p>Sometimes involuntary combinations are produced by the lack of understanding or repeated errors of a participant. </p>\r\n
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<p>This can happen in the context of a dialogue. Such is the case of <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="969fdad5-0a70-4a28-a39d-479031dd1520" href="/node/10309">Fernand Raynaud</a>, who, in this record released for his friends, takes a malicious pleasure in a certain Jacky Bernard’s inability to present his piece. We encounter almost exactly the same situation in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="735a3058-1801-4cd5-a9b9-1aed37d70140" href="/node/12612">this phone conversation in Estonia</a> (minus the malice). </p>\r\n ◀<p>This can happen in the context of a dialogue. Such is the case of <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="969fdad5- ▶
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<p>In the style of<a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="67f72ba4-c873-457e-8215-54396dde8536" href="/node/12347"> Donald Rumsfeld’s aforementioned</a> “political conceptualization”, though with less logical rigor, we have <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="27e229e4-8908-473c-84b9-9866ddd3f107" href="/node/12331">this excerpt of a speech by Nicolas Sarkozy</a>.</p>\r\n ◀<p>In the style of<a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="67f72ba4-c873-457e-8215-54396dde8536" href="/node/12347"> Do ▶
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<p>That said, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="57bfb9f6-891a-422f-883d-d0ea0f470711" href="/node/10294">the comedian Pierre Repp</a> remains the master and genius of this (false) clumsiness, vertiginously mixing and combining words, expressions, sounds, and syllables.</p>\r\n ◀<p>That said, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="57bfb9f6-891a-422f-883d-d0ea0f470711" href="/node/10294">the com ▶
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<p><strong>Combinaison | Qualité d’une parole qui avance en recomposant et réorganisant les éléments qui la constituent. Tout à la fois répétition et variation, reprise et déclinaison, combine et combinatoire, la combinaison est une ressource poétique autant que rhétorique. </strong></p>\r\n ◀<p><strong>Combinaison | Qualité d’une parole qui avance en recomposant et réorganisant les éléments qui la constituent. Tout à la fois répétition et variation, ▶
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<p><br />\r\n
Un exemple classique de combinaison nous est donné par Molière dans <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="78e4012b-bcae-4c0b-9990-b20c1553c577" href="/node/12335">cette fameuse scène du Bourgeois Gentilhomme</a>. Monsieur Jourdain veut écrire dans une lettre les paroles ‘belle Marquise, vos beaux yeux me font mourir d’amour” mais “tournées à la mode, bien arrangées comme il faut”. Il demande au maître de philosophie de lui “dire un peu, pour voir, les diverses manières dont on les peut mettre”, tout en insistant qu’il ne veut que “ces seules paroles-là dans le billet” : l’aspect fini et exclusif de l’ensemble des termes ne laisse au maître de philosophie d’autre possibilité que de les recombiner de toutes (ou presque) les façons possibles. </p>\r\n ◀Un exemple classique de combinaison nous est donné par Molière dans <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="78e4012b-b ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre">Combinaisons ontologiques</h4>\r\n
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<p>Le langage est par essence combinatoire : parler consiste au fond à combiner un ensemble fini d’éléments, en particulier le lexique dont on dispose à un moment donné. Ce n’est que quand cet ensemble d’éléments se trouve, pour diverses raisons, restreint à un petit nombre d’éléments, que le phénomène de la combinaison devient apparent. Ainsi quand une personne <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="d90b1437-d24a-44d2-86b0-f9de49e26bac" href="/node/9557">s’adresse à un chien avec les seules instructions “couché” “assis” et “debout”</a>.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Le langage est par essence combinatoire : parler consiste au fond à combiner un ensemble fini d’éléments, en particulier le lexique dont on dispose à un mome ▶
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<p>Mais on peut combiner d’autres éléments que les mots. Dans <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="909b1eb6-64c2-4cbf-9d5a-cdd6bbe3a5bf" href="/node/9860">cet enregistrement</a>, deux bébés dialoguent au moyen exclusif de la seule syllabe “da”, laquelle est affectée de différentes intonations combinées, montantes et descendantes. C’est cette combinaison intonative qui leur permet de mimer la forme de la conversation. </p>\r\n ◀<p>Mais on peut combiner d’autres éléments que les mots. Dans <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="909b1eb6-64c2-4c ▶
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<p>Dans <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1a29b747-15e8-4b62-ae6b-1b11a63ab9d8" href="/node/10407">cet autre extrait</a>, une enfant française combine non pas des mots à proprement parler mais des sons inspirés de l’idée qu’elle se fait de la langue anglaise: la combinaison de ces sons lui permet d’inventer un charabia original, de la même manière presque que <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="3cd07f26-4286-4129-b6fc-5f27046906a6" href="/node/10285">le poète dadaïste Raoul Hausmann</a> en son temps.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Dans <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1a29b747-15e8-4b62-ae6b-1b11a63ab9d8" href="/node/10407">cet autre ext ▶
\r\n
<h4 class="inter-titre">Combinaisons fermées</h4>\r\n
\r\n
<p>Les exemples les plus frappants de combinaisons sont ceux où l’on trouve un discours composé exclusivement de permutations d’un tout petit nombre d’éléments. </p>\r\n ◀<p>Les exemples les plus frappants de combinaisons sont ceux où l’on trouve un discours composé exclusivement de permutations d’un tout petit nombre d’éléments. ▶
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<p>La stratégie combinatoire la plus mathématique consiste à épuiser systématiquement tous les agencements possibles. C’est ce que fait, trois siècles après Molière, le poète Brion Gysin avec ses <em>Permutation poems,</em> dont le premier, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7060ee93-cea5-4fb3-9fea-67d915219aa0" href="/node/12322">I am that I am</a>, est le plus connu : il combine les cinq mots de cet énoncé biblique de toutes les façons pour aboutir à un poème de 5x4x3x2x1=120 vers (notons que Gysin ne déduit pas les doublons produits par le fait que les éléments “I” et “am” sont répétés dans l’énoncé de départ). </p>\r\n ◀<p>La stratégie combinatoire la plus mathématique consiste à épuiser systématiquement tous les agencements possibles. C’est ce que fait, trois siècles après Mol ▶
\r\n
<p>La combinaison d’un tout petit nombre d’éléments est parfois utilisée comme technique conceptuelle. C’est ce qu’on peut entendre dans <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="67f72ba4-c873-457e-8215-54396dde8536" href="/node/12347">cette conférence de presse de Donald Rumsfeld</a> où l’alors Secrétaire à la Défense croise les deux termes “known” and “unknown” pour ébaucher quelque chose comme une épistémologie personnelle : il y a ce que l’on sait que l’on sait ; il y a ce qu’on sait qu’on ne sait pas ; et il y a ce qu’on ne sait pas qu’on ne sait pas (notons que Rumsfeld n’épuise pas ici la combinaison puisqu’il néglige le quatrième terme de la combinaison, à savoir ce qu’on ne sait pas que l’on sait). </p>\r\n ◀<p>La combinaison d’un tout petit nombre d’éléments est parfois utilisée comme technique conceptuelle. C’est ce qu’on peut entendre dans <a data-entity-substitu ▶
\r\n
<p>Notre collection montre d’autres exemples de ce genre de permutations fermées, mais qui ne manifestent pas de volonté d’épuisement : pour une raison liée à son activité, le locuteur dispose dans ces cas d’un nombre limité de mots dont l’usage dépend d’une action extérieure (voir l’entrée <a href="https://encyclopediedelaparole.org/fr/entrees/indexations#notice">Indexations</a>). Ainsi quand <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4a07f078-e811-41c3-a29d-ac7be1f814f0" href="/node/9893">on s’amuse à nommer les couleurs qui apparaissent sur l’écran du jeu Guitar Hero</a> ; qu’on <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f1989771-5918-444d-b7fd-b1fac1d58b22" href="/node/10221">joue à <em>Les Chiffres et les lettres</em></a>, ou qu’on commente un match de foot en nommant un à un les joueurs au moment où ils ont le ballon. </p>\r\n ◀<p>Notre collection montre d’autres exemples de ce genre de permutations fermées, mais qui ne manifestent pas de volonté d’épuisement : pour une raison liée à s ▶
\r\n
<h4 class="inter-titre">Combinaisons ouvertes</h4>\r\n
\r\n
<p>Les combinaisons les plus courantes sont néanmoins celles où un nombre fini d’éléments se voit redistribué tout en se mélangeant à d’autres termes de circonstance. Plus la récurrence des mêmes termes est espacée, plus la combinaison est ouverte. </p>\r\n ◀<p>Les combinaisons les plus courantes sont néanmoins celles où un nombre fini d’éléments se voit redistribué tout en se mélangeant à d’autres termes de circons ▶
\r\n
<p>Parmi les combinaisons ouvertes mais encore serrées, on trouve des situations où le discours du locuteur s’appuie principalement sur un petit nombre de mots ou d’expressions qui ressortent régulièrement et dans le désordre : ainsi de ces deux personnes (<a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="a51d018d-8d39-44b3-8cf9-4abeb15b1e64" href="/node/10141">Cherche chève</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="3329c040-81e2-4674-bb61-5116f969a538" href="/node/10038">Allez poulette</a>) qui s’adressent ici encore à un chien (l'adresse animale est décidément propice aux combinaisons). Ou encore cet homme <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f4ef0cd4-3ab9-45e9-9ac7-361d78af71ae" href="/node/10154">pris d’une crise de panique dans un avion</a>. </p>\r\n ◀<p>Parmi les combinaisons ouvertes mais encore serrées, on trouve des situations où le discours du locuteur s’appuie principalement sur un petit nombre de mots ▶
\r\n
<p>Dans des documents comme <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8ae0b134-22c1-438f-a205-5bf2fffa2822" href="/node/10323">Mer agitée des pluies</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="46e4394d-4f11-4f39-bb6d-2b63c545c3fd" href="/node/12245">Nine seventy five</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="02fd308a-c3d4-40b1-9645-efe77050a9de" href="/node/9636">Calculer une intégrale</a>, ou <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="13f5fb2b-cec7-4a24-a9ec-915cac254503" href="/node/10178">I dupli u stranu</a>, l’activité professionnelle du locuteur (respectivement présentatrice de la météo marine, commissaire priseur, professeur de mathématiques, coach de gym) comprend le recours obligatoire à un certain nombre de termes experts qui reviennent régulièrement baliser le discours, le ponctuer, le rythmer. Le langage naturel vient délier (au sens culinaire) la répétition obligée de ces termes. </p>\r\n ◀<p>Dans des documents comme <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8ae0b134-22c1-438f-a205-5bf2fffa2822" href="/node/ ▶
\r\n
<p>Dans les exemples ci-dessus, les effets combinatoires semblent purement fortuits. Mais la combinatoire peut également être une ressource rhétorique volontaire. C’est le cas des documents <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4ec54acd-e404-48ba-81a7-8d761092795e" href="/node/10082">Tapiner dans le 9.2,</a> <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="5d1fcc61-35ae-4282-b2a4-37ec50d385ee" href="/node/12353">Des démons</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="62ec3d6e-bf40-418a-ac3a-4dd1f275301e" href="/node/9389">Filles et femmes du monde entier</a>, dans lesquels on entend comment la récurrence d’un petit nombre de mots et leur combinaison permettent d’insister, de reformuler, de convaincre ou d’intimider. De façon plus spectaculaire encore, le commentateur de foot catalan Josep Maria Puyal <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="86445921-f3b0-4586-bff1-bb0331a20333" href="/node/12543">célèbre un but de Messi </a>en improvisant comme un poème moderniste. </p>\r\n ◀<p>Dans les exemples ci-dessus, les effets combinatoires semblent purement fortuits. Mais la combinatoire peut également être une ressource rhétorique volontair ▶
\r\n
<p>En poésie, on l’a vu avec Brion Gysin, la permutation est une technique couramment utilisée dans les avant-gardes, en particulier constructivistes. C’est sans doute <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="e754f2fd-2f41-498a-bba8-5052c520b112" href="/node/9474">Gertrude Stein</a> qui l’a le plus pratiquée et systématisée. On peut l’entendre aussi, et cela même sans comprendre l’arabe, dans<a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="16a1e4ab-c2aa-4a07-ba4c-344eb21a4374" href="/node/12329"> ce poème récité par Mahmoud Darwich</a> ou encore <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="507b46f7-8b37-4b80-b918-bfa64fd48627" href="/node/9454">chez Christophe Tarkos</a>. </p>\r\n ◀<p>En poésie, on l’a vu avec Brion Gysin, la permutation est une technique couramment utilisée dans les avant-gardes, en particulier constructivistes. C’est san ▶
\r\n
<p>On retrouve souvent ces mêmes effets et ces mêmes stratégies chez les hypnotistes, que ce soit <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f04d51d0-8098-4897-bf94-5bc19c572b11" href="/node/12315">en français</a> ou <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="d7479102-f2b3-47f4-b31a-bebb40aba032" href="/node/10138">en anglais</a>. La rhétorique de l’induction hypnotique s’appuie en effet principalement sur un jeu rythmique de répétitions-variations qui permet à la fois d’assoupir la vigilance du patient tout en faisant insensiblement progresser le discours. </p>\r\n ◀<p>On retrouve souvent ces mêmes effets et ces mêmes stratégies chez les hypnotistes, que ce soit <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node ▶
\r\n
<p>Dans certains cas particuliers, la combinaison se fait au niveau non pas des mots mais des phonèmes, syllabes, voyelles ou consonnes : c’est le cas de <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7e93a617-df0f-4c1d-9b62-97d702570fef" href="/node/12317">Raymond Devos avec les syllabes “sou” et “su”</a>, de ce <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="b3df4c54-1272-4094-8a53-3bd1b8e8f69f" href="/node/9412">virelangue</a> qui combine les allitérations en b, de <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8c086bee-ed1e-44f8-8f95-959195cd627c" href="/node/12332">Gherasim Luca dans son célèbre poème <em>Passionnément</em></a>, ou encore de <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="3cd07f26-4286-4129-b6fc-5f27046906a6" href="/node/10285">Raoul Hausmann</a>. </p>\r\n ◀<p>Dans certains cas particuliers, la combinaison se fait au niveau non pas des mots mais des phonèmes, syllabes, voyelles ou consonnes : c’est le cas de <a dat ▶
\r\n
<h4 class="inter-titre">Combinaisons orbitales</h4>\r\n
\r\n
<p>Dans un certain nombre de combinaisons ouvertes, la parole s’organise autour d’un seul élément qui se voit répété, décliné ou conjugué avec d’autres termes. Il est le point d’appui du discours sur lequel viennent s'agréger toutes sortes de variations. </p>\r\n ◀<p>Dans un certain nombre de combinaisons ouvertes, la parole s’organise autour d’un seul élément qui se voit répété, décliné ou conjugué avec d’autres termes. ▶
\r\n
<p>C'est souvent dans un but d’insistance. Ainsi dans c<a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="608ce3b1-3507-47e1-aabc-c1a2a37efd29" href="/node/9848">ette interview de Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a>, la répétition des termes “lourd” et “lourdeur” intervient à chaque fois dans un nouvel agencement qui le relance et lui donne un nouveau poids. D’une manière similaire, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8a6fadb6-90d8-4a70-82d0-0d7aa05690b3" href="/node/10036">ce coach allemand de développement personnel</a> articule tout son discours autour du terme “problème”, en en faisant tour à tour le sujet ou le prédicat de ses énoncés. De même dans <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6ffbb9fc-ccb7-4124-a61a-3d54d1fe5082" href="/node/10118">ce monologue illuminé du métro</a> avec le mot “clochard”. </p>\r\n ◀<p>C'est souvent dans un but d’insistance. Ainsi dans c<a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="608ce3b1-3507-47e1-aabc ▶
\r\n
<p>Un phénomène particulier de ces combinaisons orbitales : la parole tourne autour d’un seul terme qui varie dans ses formes grammaticales (qu’en rhétorique on appelle “polyptotes”). Par exemple <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7c9952be-16a8-4a7b-9a4c-8d9357dfad2c" href="/node/12330">ce message téléphonique</a>, où se combinent les énoncés “il m’a appelé, “je vais le rappeler”, “je l’ai appelé”, “je dois le rappeler”, “pour le rappeler”, “merci de m’avoir rappelé”. On entend un usage similaire des polyptotes dans <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="3992d6ae-5d82-4f18-b621-55238f139ffc" href="/node/12327">cet autre poème de Christophe Tarkos</a>, ou encore <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="19046005-383f-4273-9aee-0f2503a4298f" href="/node/9640">chez Allen Ginsberg</a>. </p>\r\n ◀<p>Un phénomène particulier de ces combinaisons orbitales : la parole tourne autour d’un seul terme qui varie dans ses formes grammaticales (qu’en rhétorique on ▶
\r\n
<h4 class="inter-titre">Combinaisons accidentelles</h4>\r\n
\r\n
<p>Il arrive que ce soit l’incompréhension ou les erreurs à répétition d’un des participants qui produisent des combinaisons involontaires.</p>\r\n
\r\n
<p>Cela peut se passer dans le cadre d’un dialogue. Ainsi <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="969fdad5-0a70-4a28-a39d-479031dd1520" href="/node/10309">Fernand Raynaud</a>, dans ce disque édité à l’attention de ses amis, qui s’amuse malicieusement de l’incapacité qu’a le dénommé Jacky Bernard à présenter son numéro. On retrouve presque exactement la même situation (la malice en moins) dans <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="735a3058-1801-4cd5-a9b9-1aed37d70140" href="/node/12612">ce dialogue téléphonique en Estonie</a>. </p>\r\n ◀<p>Cela peut se passer dans le cadre d’un dialogue. Ainsi <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="969fdad5-0a70-4a28-a ▶
\r\n
<p>Dans la veine “conceptualisation politique” de <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="67f72ba4-c873-457e-8215-54396dde8536" href="/node/12347">Donald Rumsfeld cité plus haut</a>, quoique d’une logique moins rigoureuse, on trouve <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="27e229e4-8908-473c-84b9-9866ddd3f107" href="/node/12331">cet extrait d’un discours de Nicolas Sarkozy</a>. </p>\r\n ◀<p>Dans la veine “conceptualisation politique” de <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="67f72ba4-c873-457e-8215-5439 ▶
\r\n
<p>Mais c’est <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="57bfb9f6-891a-422f-883d-d0ea0f470711" href="/node/10294">le comique Pierre Repp</a> qui reste le maître et le génie de cette (fausse) maladresse, en reprenant, mixant et combinant de façon vertigineuse les mots et les expressions, les sonorités et les syllabes.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Mais c’est <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="57bfb9f6-891a-422f-883d-d0ea0f470711" href="/node/10294">le comi ▶
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"revision_created" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1229 ▶
#definition: array:7 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1230 ▶
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"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1231 ▶
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"revision_user" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1233 ▶
#definition: array:7 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1234 ▶
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"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1235 ▶
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"revision_log_message" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1237 ▶
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"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1239 ▶
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"status" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1241 ▶
#definition: array:9 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1242 ▶
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"off_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1245 ▶
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"class" => "Drupal\user\StatusItem"
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}
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"name" => Drupal\Core\Field\Entity\BaseFieldOverride {#1311 ▶
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"description" => Drupal\Core\Field\Entity\BaseFieldOverride {#1312 ▶
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"module" => array:1 [▶
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#id: "taxonomy_term.entrees.description"
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"weight" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1252 ▶
#definition: array:7 [▶
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"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1254 ▶
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#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1255 ▶
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#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1252}
}
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"parent" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1307 ▶
#definition: array:7 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1308 ▶
#string: "Term Parents"
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#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
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"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1309 ▶
#string: "The parents of this term."
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#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
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#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1310 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
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}
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"changed" => Drupal\Core\Field\Entity\BaseFieldOverride {#1313 ▶
#entityTypeId: "base_field_override"
#enforceIsNew: null
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1 => "languages:language_interface"
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#uuid: "435b8bf3-cfa0-4eb6-a19b-ed5ef57e27a6"
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"config" => array:1 [▶
0 => "taxonomy.vocabulary.entrees"
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]
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#id: "taxonomy_term.entrees.changed"
#field_name: "changed"
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#fieldStorage: null
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}
"default_langcode" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1264 ▶
#definition: array:9 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1265 ▶
#string: "Default translation"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
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"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1266 ▶
#string: "A flag indicating whether this is the default translation."
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#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"translatable" => true
"revisionable" => true
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"value" => true
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"provider" => "taxonomy"
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"bundle" => null
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#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1267 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:boolean"
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"on_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1268 ▶
#string: "On"
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#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
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"off_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1269 ▶
#string: "Off"
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}
#type: "boolean"
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}
"revision_default" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1270 ▶
#definition: array:10 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1271 ▶
#string: "Default revision"
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#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
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"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1272 ▶
#string: "A flag indicating whether this was a default revision when it was saved."
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
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"bundle" => null
]
#typedDataManager: null
#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1273 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:boolean"
"settings" => array:2 [▶
"on_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1274 ▶
#string: "On"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"off_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1275 ▶
#string: "Off"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
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]
]
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}
#type: "boolean"
#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"revision_translation_affected" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1276 ▶
#definition: array:9 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1277 ▶
#string: "Revision translation affected"
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#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1278 ▶
#string: "Indicates if the last edit of a translation belongs to current revision."
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
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"revisionable" => true
"translatable" => true
"provider" => "taxonomy"
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"bundle" => null
]
#typedDataManager: null
#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1279 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:boolean"
"settings" => array:2 [▶
"on_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1280 ▶
#string: "On"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"off_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1281 ▶
#string: "Off"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
]
]
#typedDataManager: null
#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1276}
}
#type: "boolean"
#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"metatag" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1282 ▶
#definition: array:10 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1283 ▶
#string: "Metatags (Hidden field for JSON support)"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1284 ▶
#string: "The computed meta tags for the entity."
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
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"translatable" => true
"read-only" => true
"entity_type" => "taxonomy_term"
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"provider" => "metatag"
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"bundle" => null
]
#typedDataManager: null
#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1285 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:metatag_computed"
"settings" => []
]
#typedDataManager: null
#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1282}
}
#type: "metatag_computed"
#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"path" => Drupal\Core\Field\Entity\BaseFieldOverride {#1314 ▶
#entityTypeId: "base_field_override"
#enforceIsNew: null
#typedData: null
#cacheContexts: array:2 [▶
0 => "url.site"
1 => "languages:language_interface"
]
#cacheTags: []
#cacheMaxAge: -1
#_serviceIds: []
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#originalId: "taxonomy_term.entrees.path"
#status: true
#uuid: "ad1042f1-dcec-47c3-8992-724bfb598beb"
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#langcode: "fr"
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#trustedData: false
#dependencies: array:2 [▶
"config" => array:1 [▶
0 => "taxonomy.vocabulary.entrees"
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"module" => array:1 [▶
0 => "path"
]
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#isSyncing: false
#id: "taxonomy_term.entrees.path"
#field_name: "path"
#field_type: "path"
#entity_type: "taxonomy_term"
#bundle: "entrees"
#label: "Alias d'URL"
#description: ""
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#default_value_callback: ""
#fieldStorage: null
#itemDefinition: null
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#baseFieldDefinition: null
+original: ? Drupal\Core\Field\Entity\BaseFieldOverride
}
"content_translation_source" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1289 ▶
#definition: array:10 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1290 ▶
#string: "Translation source"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1291 ▶
#string: "The source language from which this translation was created."
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"default_value" => array:1 [▶
0 => array:1 [▶
"value" => "und"
]
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0 => array:1 [▶
"value" => "und"
]
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"revisionable" => true
"translatable" => true
"provider" => "content_translation"
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"entity_type" => "taxonomy_term"
"bundle" => null
]
#typedDataManager: null
#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1292 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:language"
"settings" => []
]
#typedDataManager: null
#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1289}
}
#type: "language"
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#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"content_translation_outdated" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1293 ▶
#definition: array:10 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1294 ▶
#string: "Translation outdated"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
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"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1295 ▶
#string: "A boolean indicating whether this translation needs to be updated."
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"default_value" => array:1 [▶
0 => array:1 [▶
"value" => false
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"initial_value" => array:1 [▶
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"value" => false
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"revisionable" => true
"translatable" => true
"provider" => "content_translation"
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"entity_type" => "taxonomy_term"
"bundle" => null
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#typedDataManager: null
#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1296 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:boolean"
"settings" => array:2 [▶
"on_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1297 ▶
#string: "On"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"off_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1298 ▶
#string: "Off"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
]
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#typedDataManager: null
#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1293}
}
#type: "boolean"
#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"content_translation_uid" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1299 ▶
#definition: array:9 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1300 ▶
#string: "Translation author"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1301 ▶
#string: "The author of this translation."
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"revisionable" => true
"default_value_callback" => "Drupal\taxonomy\TermTranslationHandler::getDefaultOwnerId"
"translatable" => true
"provider" => "content_translation"
"field_name" => "content_translation_uid"
"entity_type" => "taxonomy_term"
"bundle" => null
]
#typedDataManager: null
#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1302 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:entity_reference"
"settings" => array:3 [▶
"target_type" => "user"
"handler" => "default"
"handler_settings" => []
]
]
#typedDataManager: null
#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1299}
}
#type: "entity_reference"
#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"content_translation_created" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1303 ▶
#definition: array:8 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1304 ▶
#string: "Translation created time"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1305 ▶
#string: "The Unix timestamp when the translation was created."
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"revisionable" => true
"translatable" => true
"provider" => "content_translation"
"field_name" => "content_translation_created"
"entity_type" => "taxonomy_term"
"bundle" => null
]
#typedDataManager: null
#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1306 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:created"
"settings" => []
]
#typedDataManager: null
#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1303}
}
#type: "created"
#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"field_notice" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#1315 ▶
#entityTypeId: "field_config"
#enforceIsNew: null
#typedData: null
#cacheContexts: array:2 [▶
0 => "url.site"
1 => "languages:language_interface"
]
#cacheTags: []
#cacheMaxAge: -1
#_serviceIds: []
#_entityStorages: []
#originalId: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_notice"
#status: true
#uuid: "1c4e5658-bc6e-4713-95c8-1f05a3b37dcb"
-isUninstalling: false
#langcode: "fr"
#third_party_settings: []
#_core: []
#trustedData: false
#dependencies: array:2 [▶
"config" => array:2 [▶
0 => "field.storage.taxonomy_term.field_notice"
1 => "taxonomy.vocabulary.entrees"
]
"module" => array:1 [▶
0 => "text"
]
]
#isSyncing: false
#id: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_notice"
#field_name: "field_notice"
#field_type: "text_long"
#entity_type: "taxonomy_term"
#bundle: "entrees"
#label: "Notice"
#description: ""
#settings: []
#required: false
#translatable: true
#default_value: []
#default_value_callback: ""
#fieldStorage: null
#itemDefinition: null
#constraints: []
#propertyConstraints: []
#deleted: false
+original: ? Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig
}
"field_workflow" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#1316 ▶
#entityTypeId: "field_config"
#enforceIsNew: null
#typedData: null
#cacheContexts: array:2 [▶
0 => "url.site"
1 => "languages:language_interface"
]
#cacheTags: []
#cacheMaxAge: -1
#_serviceIds: []
#_entityStorages: []
#originalId: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_workflow"
#status: true
#uuid: "e0dc8009-88cd-48a6-9333-ab4666478b8f"
-isUninstalling: false
#langcode: "fr"
#third_party_settings: []
#_core: []
#trustedData: false
#dependencies: array:2 [▶
"config" => array:2 [▶
0 => "field.storage.taxonomy_term.field_workflow"
1 => "taxonomy.vocabulary.entrees"
]
"module" => array:1 [▶
0 => "workflow"
]
]
#isSyncing: false
#id: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_workflow"
#field_name: "field_workflow"
#field_type: "workflow"
#entity_type: "taxonomy_term"
#bundle: "entrees"
#label: "Workflow"
#description: ""
#settings: []
#required: true
#translatable: false
#default_value: array:1 [▶
0 => []
]
#default_value_callback: ""
#fieldStorage: null
#itemDefinition: null
#constraints: []
#propertyConstraints: []
#deleted: false
+original: ? Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig
}
"field_color" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#1317 ▶
#entityTypeId: "field_config"
#enforceIsNew: null
#typedData: null
#cacheContexts: array:2 [▶
0 => "url.site"
1 => "languages:language_interface"
]
#cacheTags: []
#cacheMaxAge: -1
#_serviceIds: []
#_entityStorages: []
#originalId: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_color"
#status: true
#uuid: "185764a3-7cbf-4de2-a7b1-aafab3624b20"
-isUninstalling: false
#langcode: "fr"
#third_party_settings: []
#_core: []
#trustedData: false
#dependencies: array:2 [▶
"config" => array:2 [▶
0 => "field.storage.taxonomy_term.field_color"
1 => "taxonomy.vocabulary.entrees"
]
"module" => array:1 [▶
0 => "color_field"
]
]
#isSyncing: false
#id: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_color"
#field_name: "field_color"
#field_type: "color_field_type"
#entity_type: "taxonomy_term"
#bundle: "entrees"
#label: "Color"
#description: ""
#settings: array:1 [▶
"opacity" => 0
]
#required: true
#translatable: false
#default_value: []
#default_value_callback: ""
#fieldStorage: null
#itemDefinition: null
#constraints: []
#propertyConstraints: []
#deleted: false
+original: ? Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig
}
]
#languages: array:4 [▶
"fr" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1103 ▶
#name: "French"
#id: "fr"
#direction: "ltr"
#weight: 0
#locked: false
}
"en" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1102 ▶
#name: "English"
#id: "en"
#direction: "ltr"
#weight: 1
#locked: false
}
"und" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1104 ▶
#name: "Not specified"
#id: "und"
#direction: "ltr"
#weight: 2
#locked: true
}
"zxx" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1098 ▶
#name: "Not applicable"
#id: "zxx"
#direction: "ltr"
#weight: 3
#locked: true
}
]
#langcodeKey: "langcode"
#defaultLangcodeKey: "default_langcode"
#activeLangcode: "en"
#enforceDefaultTranslation: null
#defaultLangcode: "fr"
#translations: &28 array:2 [▶
"x-default" => array:2 [▶
"status" => 1
"entity" => Drupal\taxonomy\Entity\Term {#1095 ▶
#entityTypeId: "taxonomy_term"
#enforceIsNew: &2 null
#typedData: null
#cacheContexts: []
#cacheTags: []
#cacheMaxAge: -1
#_serviceIds: []
#_entityStorages: []
#values: &3 array:25 [▶]
#fields: &4 []
#fieldDefinitions: null
#languages: array:4 [▶
"fr" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1103 ▶}
"en" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1102 ▶}
"und" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1104 ▶}
"zxx" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1098 ▶}
]
#langcodeKey: "langcode"
#defaultLangcodeKey: "default_langcode"
#activeLangcode: "x-default"
#enforceDefaultTranslation: null
#defaultLangcode: "fr"
#translations: &28 array:2 […]
#translationInitialize: false
#newRevision: &29 false
#isDefaultRevision: &30 "1"
#entityKeys: &31 array:4 [▶
"bundle" => "entrees"
"id" => "1169"
"revision" => "1169"
"uuid" => "66c7b34e-5b3f-4c59-b6a9-9e37bdb295d1"
]
#translatableEntityKeys: &32 array:5 [▶
"label" => array:2 [▶
"en" => "Combinations"
"x-default" => "Combinaisons"
]
"langcode" => array:2 [▶
"x-default" => "fr"
"en" => "en"
]
"published" => array:2 [▶
"en" => "1"
"x-default" => "1"
]
"default_langcode" => array:2 [▶
"en" => "0"
"x-default" => "1"
]
"revision_translation_affected" => array:2 [▶
"en" => "1"
"x-default" => "1"
]
]
#validated: false
#validationRequired: false
#loadedRevisionId: &33 "1169"
#revisionTranslationAffectedKey: "revision_translation_affected"
#enforceRevisionTranslationAffected: &34 []
#isSyncing: &35 false
}
]
"en" => array:2 [▶
"status" => 1
"entity" => Drupal\taxonomy\Entity\Term {#1100}
]
]
#translationInitialize: false
#newRevision: &29 false
#isDefaultRevision: &30 "1"
#entityKeys: &31 array:4 [▶]
#translatableEntityKeys: &32 array:5 [▶]
#validated: false
#validationRequired: false
#loadedRevisionId: &33 "1169"
#revisionTranslationAffectedKey: "revision_translation_affected"
#enforceRevisionTranslationAffected: &34 []
#isSyncing: &35 false
}