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"value" => "<p>Occurs when a person speaks in another’s name or place. This can include more or less legitimate ways of speaking on behalf of another, presenting oneself as representative of a group or social category, or even of appropriating another’s speech.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Occurs when a person speaks in another’s name or place. This can include more or less legitimate ways of speaking on behalf of another, presenting oneself as ▶"
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"value" => "<p>Phénomène par lequel on parle pour quelqu'un d'autre, à sa place ou en son nom. Manières plus ou moins légitimes de porter la parole d'autrui, de se présenter comme représentant d'un groupe ou d'une catégorie, voire d'usurper la parole de quelqu'un.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Phénomène par lequel on parle pour quelqu'un d'autre, à sa place ou en son nom. Manières plus ou moins légitimes de porter la parole d'autrui, de se présente ▶"
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<p><strong>Responsibility | Responsibility | Occurs when a person speaks in another’s name or place. This can include more or less legitimate ways of speaking on behalf of another, presenting oneself as representative of a group or social category, or even of appropriating another’s speech.</strong></p>\r\n ◀<p><strong>Responsibility | Responsibility | Occurs when a person speaks in another’s name or place. This can include more or less legitimate ways of speaking o ▶
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<p>Who exactly is speaking when we speak? Who do we make speak for us? One can hear a surprising variety of enunciative positions in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1dbc7e3a-a9c4-4ec4-ad57-b7d92d9514a8" href="/node/9824">Jacques Chirac’s 2007 speech marking the end of his term</a>: President, citizen, government, Chirac the man, even the People of France. This collection of examples of responsibility seeks to understand the ways in which different bodies (individual, collective, symbolic) can be contained, implied in, or suggested by a given instance of speech.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Who exactly is speaking when we speak? Who do we make speak for us? One can hear a surprising variety of enunciative positions in <a data-entity-substitution ▶
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<p>We have identified three main types of relationships that a speaker can have with these bodies or labels: speaking in someone’s name (representation), speaking as something (belonging), and speaking for someone or something (substitution).</p>\r\n ◀<p>We have identified three main types of relationships that a speaker can have with these bodies or labels: speaking in someone’s name (representation), speaki ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre"><i>Representation</i></h4>\r\n
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<p>Responsibility can take the form of representation, that is to say, speaking “in X’s name.” A speaker can state the body they are speaking for by virtue of an explicit relationship that has been established between them: I am legitimately qualified to represent someone else speaking. This leads us to ask about the modes of legitimation that underpin such a relationship (a mandate, the law, a vote, experience), or in other words, the conditions that have been assembled to make this taking up of responsibility intelligible, fair, indisputable, etc.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Responsibility can take the form of representation, that is to say, speaking “in X’s name.” A speaker can state the body they are speaking for by virtue of a ▶
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<p>The French president’s function gives the person expressing themselves the ability to speak in the name of the people. Thus, when <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="bcfc4029-a1bc-444f-87de-868cae1f0a4a" href="/node/9490">Nicolas Sarkozy gives Dany Boon the Legion of Honor</a>, he says: “Today all of France thanks you, Dany…” The whole of the French people is implied behind the presidential body: as president, I can speak in the name of the people (see also <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f8374592-764a-4c0a-a73f-874ba2fc9627" href="/node/9647"><i>We are now the generation of the heart of the fight back</i></a>).</p>\r\n ◀<p>The French president’s function gives the person expressing themselves the ability to speak in the name of the people. Thus, when <a data-entity-substitution ▶
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<p>On the other hand, in this speech given at the first Conference of Black Writers and Artists held at the Sorbonne in 1956, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1c6db440-5084-45fa-874c-ad830b6d0e1b" href="/node/9508">Aimé Césaire clearly delimits the responsibility of the “we”</a> he is speaking for and about (Black intellectuals): he refrains from extending this responsibility to that of representing or speaking for the whole of the people (see also <i><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="60c0f64b-897e-4e98-b56b-66df512978a8" href="/node/9390">Répressif</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1984964a-1f56-4632-bc45-e63ff21dcc2c" href="/node/9501">Je vis moi aussi</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="a42ac87a-15c3-47d3-91f3-818301480e6f" href="/node/9884">I want to report a fight</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="b4233355-83ed-415c-b418-8b99ccac8a71" href="/node/9768">Au nom de Dieu</a>, </i>and<i> <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="654b7462-db6b-4e0a-9a19-2d72891bc2fc" href="/node/9544">Chokolomo chokolomo</a></i>). Yet, in her 2012 presidential campaign, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="9cfa0678-3e9c-4158-bd83-768d19f855f4" href="/node/9881">Eva Joly maintains her belonging</a> to a specific social category all while aspiring to represent an entire people.</p>\r\n ◀<p>On the other hand, in this speech given at the first Conference of Black Writers and Artists held at the Sorbonne in 1956, <a data-entity-substitution="canon ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre"><i>Belonging</i></h4>\r\n
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<p>There can be different relationships of belonging, that is to say different forms of responsibility when speaking “as X.” I speak as (I belong to the category of) a woman, worker, poet, resistance fighter, Black, American democrat, etc. This strategy allows one to orient how one’s discourse is received, to specify its implications in a given context, but it does not constitute a form of responsibility as such: I am not necessarily speaking in the name of the category I belong to. However, it is still easy to shift this presentation (of oneself) toward a form of representation (of the category I am a member of), as can be heard in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="024f0913-8c38-4ce9-b1fb-5a05807f3898" href="/node/9506">Daniel Balavoine’s speech to François Mitterand</a>. One can hear the same type of shift in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="9f998b7f-8586-43df-bedd-9626e0211eac" href="/node/9509">this electoral message</a> by Arlette Laguiller, or even more spectacularly (“we are” = “they are” = “all of France”) in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="fedc2395-28a2-4fbc-aa93-d2edd7cb45a6" href="/node/10216">this commentary of France’s 1998 World Cup victory</a> (see also <i><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="a7128203-9eac-42ad-b7f0-e64ea6c4882d" href="/node/9880">Ça fait dix ans…</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="daa01a20-93ab-4a21-8068-11481674ce05" href="/node/9543">Ce que nous défendons</a>, </i>and<i> <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="2dd941ae-ddc2-4a36-934f-9d931bda1874" href="/node/9769">You must change your ways</a></i>).</p>\r\n ◀<p>There can be different relationships of belonging, that is to say different forms of responsibility when speaking “as X.” I speak as (I belong to the categor ▶
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<p>The act of speaking as X establishes a potentially controversial relationship with the act of speaking as this X. This form of responsibility’s legitimacy can be an object of controversy, as in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="2d6e2c5f-aa9d-4617-9898-8202f54cb613" href="/node/9487">this </a><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="2d6e2c5f-aa9d-4617-9898-8202f54cb613" href="/node/9487">talk show excerpt</a>; or it can be something to handle with caution, like the fact that <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="c86eb3f0-342d-4861-93e8-313f15b33da1" href="/node/9512">Emmanuelle Béart</a>, invited to speak on television as a witness to the expulsion of undocumented migrants from the Saint-Bernard Church in 1996, prefaces her speech by saying “I am here as a woman,” bringing an unexpected category to the forefront of the discussion, given what she usually represents on television—an actress (see also <i><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="5daa3b62-079b-48e2-bf0f-57bd64da7b70" href="/node/9403">J’ai des positions politiques</a> </i>or<i> <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4dd189ca-3488-4ddc-93e5-8daeb21b09f0" href="/node/10276">Il n’y a que des faux témoins</a></i>).</p>\r\n ◀<p>The act of speaking as X establishes a potentially controversial relationship with the act of speaking as this X. This form of responsibility’s legitimacy ca ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre"><i>Substitution</i></h4>\r\n
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<p>Another possible relationship is one of substitution, or one of appropriation that has been more or less consented to. One does not only speak as or in the name of another, but instead of them. My speech stands for the speech of another; I am a place-holder; I speak <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8460f370-4875-492c-8e48-c2267d5fe09e" href="/node/9673">in people’s places</a>. This can be heard with <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="e6580089-e0e6-4ce7-94b3-c2cee897a17b" href="/node/9539">the girls from the film <i>L’Esquive</i></a>, or here when <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="df168406-f602-4ee0-87d9-3ca34c80a32e" href="/node/9407">Claude Levi-Strauss</a> speaks of a colleague’s moods, or even when <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="a2a9278b-4a19-4e7c-8a05-6002ab68a4fe" href="/node/9882">Angelo Badalamenti</a> tells the story of the birth of the <i>Twin Peaks</i> soundtrack (see also <i><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="e652de6e-b753-44df-ba37-7ae9e021b533" href="/node/10275">Il est tombé assez amoureux</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="73419e84-6153-4f47-9f29-23ef897872bf" href="/node/9609">En plus i s’fout d’ma gueule</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7e163022-878b-411c-81ea-6910e9e177be" href="/node/10293">La pomponnette</a>, </i>and<i> <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="83353a27-9a59-44d8-b187-6d65100f289c" href="/node/9879">Baguette de merde</a></i>).</p>\r\n ◀<p>Another possible relationship is one of substitution, or one of appropriation that has been more or less consented to. One does not only speak as or in the n ▶
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<p>In this interview, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="666bdc00-086c-4e59-9f33-c37bb9bd30c8" href="/node/9507">Malcolm X</a> speaks not only in the name of Black people or as a Black person but, oddly, in the name of the category of slaves, to which he claims to belong: “The same slave master who owned us put his last name on us to denote his property.” He thus takes on the legacy of slavery and its responsibility to such a degree that it becomes a form of identification: he is literally speaking for slaves here—that is, in their place—to the extent that they do not have (or never had) the right to speak.</p>\r\n ◀<p>In this interview, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="666bdc00-086c-4e59-9f33-c37bb9bd30c8" href="/node/9507"> ▶
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<p>It is indeed to illustrate her advice that <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="c568063e-0248-49c8-8939-30ac990e492e" href="/node/9878">this media coach pretends she is quoting her dining companion</a>. Speaking for others is a widespread practice among politicians, especially during <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="fa7453c5-74bf-4739-96c5-f8e91dd3c37a" href="/node/9494">election night</a>, when they use simple numbers to deduce that all kinds of things have been said by voters. Comedian <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4cc125e8-9e08-4553-a558-7b395f79a3a9" href="/node/10314">Christophe Alévêque</a> plays with this very form of deception by pretending to extract one voice from a range of very different opinions.</p>\r\n ◀<p>It is indeed to illustrate her advice that <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="c568063e-0248-49c8-8939-30ac990e ▶
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<p>This form of substitution can take place during the process of copying something (see <i><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="92228253-e65c-4d73-92f5-faec97e30ff7" href="/node/9771">La pomme-frite classique</a> </i>or<i> <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="47fcbffb-ba13-496f-9541-041c3ead2c5f" href="/node/9772">C’est gentil d’accepter de me parler</a></i>). But quoting someone can also fall within this category, as <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="ffede4bd-9f0c-4f0d-960e-d6291e66344a" href="/node/9497">here with Jacques Lacan</a>, who is ordered by the person interviewing him to specify what kind of responsibility he feels for what he has just said in Freud’s place.</p>\r\n ◀<p>This form of substitution can take place during the process of copying something (see <i><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data ▶
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<p>When the person whose voice we are appropriating is present, substitution can appear to be violent: such is the case when <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="d68f43c8-8da6-4c2f-ac28-9962d495dd81" href="/node/9505">Arletty speaks to his employee</a> Martha all while speaking for her, or when <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="691d51a0-98f8-48f1-9f86-e827518800e9" href="/node/9499">Michel Drucker retranslates</a> what Serge Gainsbourg has said to Whitney Houston from English to English. In an even more twisted example, we can hear <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="19c7998d-b0fc-48fa-8bc2-8e0e97e3e9af" href="/node/10251">Jacques Martin compelling a child to act</a> by pretending to speak to the public (“This young man who will take the stage without me telling him to is Jean-Sébastien”) then hear the stubborn refutation of the person whose actions he intends to predict.</p>\r\n ◀<p>When the person whose voice we are appropriating is present, substitution can appear to be violent: such is the case when <a data-entity-substitution="canoni ▶
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<p>In certain cases, the limit between two subjects, the person speaking and the person being spoken for, can become blurry. Substitution tends toward identification. Such is <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="e21d24aa-b90f-4d33-8e9b-6bd2349930cd" href="/node/9498">the case in this relaxation recording</a> aimed for children about to fall asleep. It is definitely <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f3766cea-a0e5-4c29-b20f-9f56bc702a27" href="/node/10260">the case with people possessed by demons</a>, as can be heard in certain certified recordings. It might also be <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4e7be281-0e4b-423c-a698-3eca0758575e" href="/node/9504">the case with this Britney Spears fan</a> on YouTube who does not speak in the singer’s name (as her agent, friend, or lawyer might do) but literally in her place, caught in an intense process of empathy and identification which (truly or falsely) flirts with schizophrenic behavior. But who is speaking, for and about whom, in this marabout’s advertisement written in the third person?</p>\r\n ◀<p>In certain cases, the limit between two subjects, the person speaking and the person being spoken for, can become blurry. Substitution tends toward identific ▶
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<p>Occurs when a person speaks in another’s name or place. This can include more or less legitimate ways of speaking on behalf of another, presenting oneself as representative of a group or social category, or even of appropriating another’s speech.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Occurs when a person speaks in another’s name or place. This can include more or less legitimate ways of speaking on behalf of another, presenting oneself as ▶
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<p>Who exactly is speaking when we speak? Who do we make speak for us? One can hear a surprising variety of enunciative positions in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1dbc7e3a-a9c4-4ec4-ad57-b7d92d9514a8" href="/node/9824">Jacques Chirac’s 2007 speech marking the end of his term</a>: President, citizen, government, Chirac the man, even the People of France. This collection of examples of responsibility seeks to understand the ways in which different bodies (individual, collective, symbolic) can be contained, implied in, or suggested by a given instance of speech.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Who exactly is speaking when we speak? Who do we make speak for us? One can hear a surprising variety of enunciative positions in <a data-entity-substitution ▶
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<p>We have identified three main types of relationships that a speaker can have with these bodies or labels: speaking in someone’s name (representation), speaking as something (belonging), and speaking for someone or something (substitution).</p>\r\n ◀<p>We have identified three main types of relationships that a speaker can have with these bodies or labels: speaking in someone’s name (representation), speaki ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre"><i>Representation</i></h4>\r\n
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<p>Responsibility can take the form of representation, that is to say, speaking “in X’s name.” A speaker can state the body they are speaking for by virtue of an explicit relationship that has been established between them: I am legitimately qualified to represent someone else speaking. This leads us to ask about the modes of legitimation that underpin such a relationship (a mandate, the law, a vote, experience), or in other words, the conditions that have been assembled to make this taking up of responsibility intelligible, fair, indisputable, etc.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Responsibility can take the form of representation, that is to say, speaking “in X’s name.” A speaker can state the body they are speaking for by virtue of a ▶
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<p>The French president’s function gives the person expressing themselves the ability to speak in the name of the people. Thus, when <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="bcfc4029-a1bc-444f-87de-868cae1f0a4a" href="/node/9490">Nicolas Sarkozy gives Dany Boon the Legion of Honor</a>, he says: “Today all of France thanks you, Dany…” The whole of the French people is implied behind the presidential body: as president, I can speak in the name of the people (see also <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f8374592-764a-4c0a-a73f-874ba2fc9627" href="/node/9647"><i>We are now the generation of the heart of the fight back</i></a>).</p>\r\n ◀<p>The French president’s function gives the person expressing themselves the ability to speak in the name of the people. Thus, when <a data-entity-substitution ▶
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<p>On the other hand, in this speech given at the first Conference of Black Writers and Artists held at the Sorbonne in 1956, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1c6db440-5084-45fa-874c-ad830b6d0e1b" href="/node/9508">Aimé Césaire clearly delimits the responsibility of the “we”</a> he is speaking for and about (Black intellectuals): he refrains from extending this responsibility to that of representing or speaking for the whole of the people (see also <i><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="60c0f64b-897e-4e98-b56b-66df512978a8" href="/node/9390">Répressif</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1984964a-1f56-4632-bc45-e63ff21dcc2c" href="/node/9501">Je vis moi aussi</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="a42ac87a-15c3-47d3-91f3-818301480e6f" href="/node/9884">I want to report a fight</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="b4233355-83ed-415c-b418-8b99ccac8a71" href="/node/9768">Au nom de Dieu</a>, </i>and<i> <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="654b7462-db6b-4e0a-9a19-2d72891bc2fc" href="/node/9544">Chokolomo chokolomo</a></i>). Yet, in her 2012 presidential campaign, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="9cfa0678-3e9c-4158-bd83-768d19f855f4" href="/node/9881">Eva Joly maintains her belonging</a> to a specific social category all while aspiring to represent an entire people.</p>\r\n ◀<p>On the other hand, in this speech given at the first Conference of Black Writers and Artists held at the Sorbonne in 1956, <a data-entity-substitution="canon ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre"><i>Belonging</i></h4>\r\n
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<p>There can be different relationships of belonging, that is to say different forms of responsibility when speaking “as X.” I speak as (I belong to the category of) a woman, worker, poet, resistance fighter, Black, American democrat, etc. This strategy allows one to orient how one’s discourse is received, to specify its implications in a given context, but it does not constitute a form of responsibility as such: I am not necessarily speaking in the name of the category I belong to. However, it is still easy to shift this presentation (of oneself) toward a form of representation (of the category I am a member of), as can be heard in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="024f0913-8c38-4ce9-b1fb-5a05807f3898" href="/node/9506">Daniel Balavoine’s speech to François Mitterand</a>. One can hear the same type of shift in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="9f998b7f-8586-43df-bedd-9626e0211eac" href="/node/9509">this electoral message</a> by Arlette Laguiller, or even more spectacularly (“we are” = “they are” = “all of France”) in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="fedc2395-28a2-4fbc-aa93-d2edd7cb45a6" href="/node/10216">this commentary of France’s 1998 World Cup victory</a> (see also <i><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="a7128203-9eac-42ad-b7f0-e64ea6c4882d" href="/node/9880">Ça fait dix ans…</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="daa01a20-93ab-4a21-8068-11481674ce05" href="/node/9543">Ce que nous défendons</a>, </i>and<i> <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="2dd941ae-ddc2-4a36-934f-9d931bda1874" href="/node/9769">You must change your ways</a></i>).</p>\r\n ◀<p>There can be different relationships of belonging, that is to say different forms of responsibility when speaking “as X.” I speak as (I belong to the categor ▶
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<p>The act of speaking as X establishes a potentially controversial relationship with the act of speaking as this X. This form of responsibility’s legitimacy can be an object of controversy, as in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="2d6e2c5f-aa9d-4617-9898-8202f54cb613" href="/node/9487">this </a><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="2d6e2c5f-aa9d-4617-9898-8202f54cb613" href="/node/9487">talk show excerpt</a>; or it can be something to handle with caution, like the fact that <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="c86eb3f0-342d-4861-93e8-313f15b33da1" href="/node/9512">Emmanuelle Béart</a>, invited to speak on television as a witness to the expulsion of undocumented migrants from the Saint-Bernard Church in 1996, prefaces her speech by saying “I am here as a woman,” bringing an unexpected category to the forefront of the discussion, given what she usually represents on television—an actress (see also <i><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="5daa3b62-079b-48e2-bf0f-57bd64da7b70" href="/node/9403">J’ai des positions politiques</a> </i>or<i> <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4dd189ca-3488-4ddc-93e5-8daeb21b09f0" href="/node/10276">Il n’y a que des faux témoins</a></i>).</p>\r\n ◀<p>The act of speaking as X establishes a potentially controversial relationship with the act of speaking as this X. This form of responsibility’s legitimacy ca ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre"><i>Substitution</i></h4>\r\n
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<p>Another possible relationship is one of substitution, or one of appropriation that has been more or less consented to. One does not only speak as or in the name of another, but instead of them. My speech stands for the speech of another; I am a place-holder; I speak <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8460f370-4875-492c-8e48-c2267d5fe09e" href="/node/9673">in people’s places</a>. This can be heard with <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="e6580089-e0e6-4ce7-94b3-c2cee897a17b" href="/node/9539">the girls from the film <i>L’Esquive</i></a>, or here when <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="df168406-f602-4ee0-87d9-3ca34c80a32e" href="/node/9407">Claude Levi-Strauss</a> speaks of a colleague’s moods, or even when <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="a2a9278b-4a19-4e7c-8a05-6002ab68a4fe" href="/node/9882">Angelo Badalamenti</a> tells the story of the birth of the <i>Twin Peaks</i> soundtrack (see also <i><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="e652de6e-b753-44df-ba37-7ae9e021b533" href="/node/10275">Il est tombé assez amoureux</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="73419e84-6153-4f47-9f29-23ef897872bf" href="/node/9609">En plus i s’fout d’ma gueule</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7e163022-878b-411c-81ea-6910e9e177be" href="/node/10293">La pomponnette</a>, </i>and<i> <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="83353a27-9a59-44d8-b187-6d65100f289c" href="/node/9879">Baguette de merde</a></i>).</p>\r\n ◀<p>Another possible relationship is one of substitution, or one of appropriation that has been more or less consented to. One does not only speak as or in the n ▶
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<p>In this interview, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="666bdc00-086c-4e59-9f33-c37bb9bd30c8" href="/node/9507">Malcolm X</a> speaks not only in the name of Black people or as a Black person but, oddly, in the name of the category of slaves, to which he claims to belong: “The same slave master who owned us put his last name on us to denote his property.” He thus takes on the legacy of slavery and its responsibility to such a degree that it becomes a form of identification: he is literally speaking for slaves here—that is, in their place—to the extent that they do not have (or never had) the right to speak.</p>\r\n ◀<p>In this interview, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="666bdc00-086c-4e59-9f33-c37bb9bd30c8" href="/node/9507"> ▶
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<p>It is indeed to illustrate her advice that <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="c568063e-0248-49c8-8939-30ac990e492e" href="/node/9878">this media coach pretends she is quoting her dining companion</a>. Speaking for others is a widespread practice among politicians, especially during <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="fa7453c5-74bf-4739-96c5-f8e91dd3c37a" href="/node/9494">election night</a>, when they use simple numbers to deduce that all kinds of things have been said by voters. Comedian <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4cc125e8-9e08-4553-a558-7b395f79a3a9" href="/node/10314">Christophe Alévêque</a> plays with this very form of deception by pretending to extract one voice from a range of very different opinions.</p>\r\n ◀<p>It is indeed to illustrate her advice that <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="c568063e-0248-49c8-8939-30ac990e ▶
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<p>This form of substitution can take place during the process of copying something (see <i><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="92228253-e65c-4d73-92f5-faec97e30ff7" href="/node/9771">La pomme-frite classique</a> </i>or<i> <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="47fcbffb-ba13-496f-9541-041c3ead2c5f" href="/node/9772">C’est gentil d’accepter de me parler</a></i>). But quoting someone can also fall within this category, as <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="ffede4bd-9f0c-4f0d-960e-d6291e66344a" href="/node/9497">here with Jacques Lacan</a>, who is ordered by the person interviewing him to specify what kind of responsibility he feels for what he has just said in Freud’s place.</p>\r\n ◀<p>This form of substitution can take place during the process of copying something (see <i><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data ▶
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<p>When the person whose voice we are appropriating is present, substitution can appear to be violent: such is the case when <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="d68f43c8-8da6-4c2f-ac28-9962d495dd81" href="/node/9505">Arletty speaks to his employee</a> Martha all while speaking for her, or when <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="691d51a0-98f8-48f1-9f86-e827518800e9" href="/node/9499">Michel Drucker retranslates</a> what Serge Gainsbourg has said to Whitney Houston from English to English. In an even more twisted example, we can hear <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="19c7998d-b0fc-48fa-8bc2-8e0e97e3e9af" href="/node/10251">Jacques Martin compelling a child to act</a> by pretending to speak to the public (“This young man who will take the stage without me telling him to is Jean-Sébastien”) then hear the stubborn refutation of the person whose actions he intends to predict.</p>\r\n ◀<p>When the person whose voice we are appropriating is present, substitution can appear to be violent: such is the case when <a data-entity-substitution="canoni ▶
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<p>In certain cases, the limit between two subjects, the person speaking and the person being spoken for, can become blurry. Substitution tends toward identification. Such is <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="e21d24aa-b90f-4d33-8e9b-6bd2349930cd" href="/node/9498">the case in this relaxation recording</a> aimed for children about to fall asleep. It is definitely <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f3766cea-a0e5-4c29-b20f-9f56bc702a27" href="/node/10260">the case with people possessed by demons</a>, as can be heard in certain certified recordings. It might also be <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4e7be281-0e4b-423c-a698-3eca0758575e" href="/node/9504">the case with this Britney Spears fan</a> on YouTube who does not speak in the singer’s name (as her agent, friend, or lawyer might do) but literally in her place, caught in an intense process of empathy and identification which (truly or falsely) flirts with schizophrenic behavior. But who is speaking, for and about whom, in this marabout’s advertisement written in the third person?</p>\r\n ◀<p>In certain cases, the limit between two subjects, the person speaking and the person being spoken for, can become blurry. Substitution tends toward identific ▶
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<p class="p1"><strong>Responsabilité | Phénomène par lequel on parle pour quelqu'un d'autre, à sa place ou en son nom. Manières plus ou moins légitimes de porter la parole d'autrui, de se présenter comme représentant d'un groupe ou d'une catégorie, voire d'usurper la parole de quelqu'un.</strong></p>\r\n ◀<p class="p1"><strong>Responsabilité | Phénomène par lequel on parle pour quelqu'un d'autre, à sa place ou en son nom. Manières plus ou moins légitimes de porte ▶
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<p class="p1"><span>Qui exactement parle quand on parle ? Qui fait-on parler ? Dans le </span><a href="/node/9824">discours de fin de mandat de Jacques Chirac en 2007</a><span> on peut entendre ainsi une étonnante variété de positions d'énonciation : le Président, le citoyen, le gouvernement, \u{FEFF}l'homme Chirac, \u{FEFF}ou encore le Peuple. \u{FEFF}La collection </span><em>responsabilités</em><span> essaie de faire entendre la manière dont différentes instances (individuelles, collectives, symboliques) peuvent être contenues, impliquées, suggérées dans une parole \u{FEFF}donnée.</span></p>\r\n ◀<p class="p1"><span>Qui exactement parle quand on parle ? Qui fait-on parler ? Dans le </span><a href="/node/9824">discours de fin de mandat de Jacques Chi ▶
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<p class="p1">\u{FEFF}Nous avons identifié trois grands types de relations qu’entretient le locuteur avec ces instances ou ces étiquettes : parler <em>au nom de</em> quelqu'un (représentation), <em>en tant que</em> quelque chose (appartenance), ou<em> à la place de </em>(substitution).</p>\r\n ◀<p class="p1">\u{FEFF}Nous avons identifié trois grands types de relations qu’entretient le locuteur avec ces instances ou ces étiquettes : parler <em>au nom de ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre"><em>Représentation</em></h4>\r\n
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<p class="p1">Il peut s’agir d’une <em>représentation</em>, c’est-à-dire d’une responsabilité de type "au nom de X". Une parole énonce une instance au nom de laquelle l’animateur de la parole s’exprime, en vertu d’une relation explicite : je représente la parole d'autrui avec une certification reconnue comme légitime. Se pose dans ce cas la question des modalités de légitimation de cette relation (le mandat, la loi, le vote, l'expérience), c'est-à-dire des conditions devant être réunies pour que cette responsabilité soit intelligible, juste, incontestable, etc. </p>\r\n ◀<p class="p1">Il peut s’agir d’une <em>représentation</em>, c’est-à-dire d’une responsabilité de type "au nom de X". Une parole énonce une instance au nom de la ▶
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<p class="p1">La fonction de président de la République confère à celui qui s'exprime la faculté de parler <em>au nom du peuple</em>. Ainsi, lorsque <a href="/node/9490">Nicolas Sarkozy remet la légion d'honneur à Dany Boon</a> : "<em>C'est aujourd'hui la France toute entière, Dany, qui vous remercie</em>..." ; derrière cette instance présidentielle se trouve impliqué l'ensemble des Français : en tant que président, je peux parler au peuple au nom du peuple (écouter aussi <a href="/node/9647"><span class="s1"><em>We are now the generation of the heart of the fight back</em></span></a>). </p>\r\n ◀<p class="p1">La fonction de président de la République confère à celui qui s'exprime la faculté de parler <em>au nom du peuple</em>. Ainsi, lorsque <a href="/n ▶
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<p class="p1">À l'inverse, dans ce discours en 1956 au premier Congrès des écrivains et artistes noirs à la Sorbonne, <a href="/node/9508">Aimé Césaire délimite clairement la responsabilité du "<em>nous</em>"</a> qui est le sujet et l'adresse de son discours (les intellectuels noirs) : il se garde bien d'élargir cette responsabilité à celle de représentant ou de porte-parole du peuple tout entier (écouter aussi <a href="/node/9390"><span class="s1"><em>Répressif</em></span></a><em>,</em> <a href="/node/9501"><span class="s1"><em>Je vis moi aussi</em></span></a><em>, </em><span class="s3"><em><a href="/node/9884">I want to report a fight</a></em><strong><em>,</em></strong></span><em> </em><a href="/node/9768"><span class="s1"><em>Au nom de Dieu</em></span></a><em>, </em><a href="/node/9544"><span class="s1"><em>Chokolomo chokolomo</em></span></a>). C'est pourtant en briguant la représentation d'un peuple tout entier qu'<span class="s3"><a href="/node/9881">Eva Joly en campagne pour les présidentielles de 2012</a></span> affirme son appartenance à une composante spécifique de ce peuple.</p>\r\n ◀<p class="p1">À l'inverse, dans ce discours en 1956 au premier Congrès des écrivains et artistes noirs à la Sorbonne, <a href="/node/9508">Aimé Césaire délimite ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre"><em>Appartenance</em></h4>\r\n
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<p class="p1">Il peut s’agir d’une relation d’<em>appartenance</em>, c’est-à-dire d'une responsabilité de type "en tant que X". Je parle en tant que (je fais partie de la classe) femme, ouvrier, poète, résistant, Noir, Américain démocrate, etc.. Cette stratégie permet d'orienter la réception d'un discours, d'en préciser les implications dans un contexte donné, mais ne constitue pas <em>a priori</em> une responsabilité : je ne parle pas forcément <em>au nom de</em> la catégorie à laquelle j'appartiens. Il est néanmoins aisé de glisser de cette <em>présentation</em> (de soi) vers une <em>représentation</em> (de la classe dont je suis un membre) : c'est ce qu'on entend dans cette intervention de <a href="/node/9506">Daniel Balavoine face à François Mitterand</a>. On entend le même type de glissement dans <a href="/node/10348">ce message électoral d'Arlette Laguiller</a> ou encore, de manière peut-être plus spectaculaire ("<em>nous sommes</em>" = "<em>ils sont</em>" = "<em>la France entière</em>") dans ce <a href="/node/10216">commentaire de la victoire de la France</a> à la Coupe du Monde 1998 (écouter aussi <span class="s3"><em><a href="/node/9880">Ça fait dix ans qu'il nous fait la leçon</a></em><strong>,</strong></span> <a href="/node/9543"><span class="s1"><em>Ce que nous défendons</em></span></a><em>,</em> <a href="/node/9769"><span class="s1"><em>You must change your ways</em></span></a>). </p>\r\n ◀<p class="p1">Il peut s’agir d’une relation d’<em>appartenance</em>, c’est-à-dire d'une responsabilité de type "en tant que X". Je parle en tant que (je fais pa ▶
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<p class="p1">Le fait de parler <em>en tant que</em> X entretient une relation possiblement polémique avec le fait de parler <em>au nom de</em> ce X. La question de la légitimité de cette responsabilité peut constituer un objet de controverse, comme dans cet <a href="/node/9487">extrait de talk-show</a>, ou bien un objet à manier avec précaution, comme le fait <a href="/node/9512">Emmanuelle Béart</a>, qui, invitée sur un plateau télévisé pour témoigner de l'expulsion des sans-papiers de l'église Saint-Bernard en 1996, préface son intervention d'un "<em>Je suis ici en tant que femme</em>" destiné à faire apparaître une catégorie inattendue, compte-tenu de ce qu'elle représente ordinairement sur un plateau télévisé, à savoir une actrice (écouter aussi <a href="/node/9403"><span class="s1"><em>J'ai des positions politiques</em></span></a><em>, </em><a href="/node/10276"><span class="s1"><em>Il n'y a que des faux témoins</em></span></a>).</p>\r\n ◀<p class="p1">Le fait de parler <em>en tant que</em> X entretient une relation possiblement polémique avec le fait de parler <em>au nom de</em> ce X. La questio ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre"><em>Substitution</em></h4>\r\n
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<p class="p1">Une autre relation possible est la relation de <em>substitution</em>, c’est-à-dire celle d'une usurpation plus ou moins consentie. Un individu ne parle pas seulement <em>en tant que</em> ou <em>au nom de</em>, mais vraiment <em>à la place de</em>. Mon discours tient lieu du discours d'autrui, je suis lieu-tenant, je parle <a href="/node/9673">à la place des gens</a>. C'est ce qu'on entend chez les filles du film <a href="/node/9539"><span class="s1"><em>L'Esquive</em></span></a>, ou ici avec <a href="/node/9407">Claude Levi-Strauss</a> qui parle des états d'âmes d'un collègue, ou encore quand <span class="s3"><a href="/node/9882" title="That's beautiful, Angelo">Angelo Badalamenti raconte la genèse de la B.O. de <em>Twin Peaks</em></a></span> (écouter aussi <a href="/node/10275"><span class="s1"><em>Il est tombé assez amoureux</em></span></a><em>,</em> <a href="/node/9609"><span class="s1"><em>En plus i s'fout d'ma gueule</em></span></a><em>, </em><a href="/node/10293"><span class="s1"><em>La Pomponnette</em></span></a><span class="s1"><em>, <a href="/node/9879">Baguette de merde</a></em></span>). \u{FEFF}</p>\r\n ◀<p class="p1">Une autre relation possible est la relation de <em>substitution</em>, c’est-à-dire celle d'une usurpation plus ou moins consentie. Un individu ne ▶
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<p class="p1">Dans cet entretien, <a href="/node/9507">Malcolm X</a> va parler non seulement <em>au nom des</em> Noirs ou <em>en tant que</em> Noir mais, plus curieusement, au nom de la <em>classe des esclaves</em> à laquelle il exhibe son appartenance : "<em>The same slavemaster who owned us put his last name on us to denote his property</em>". Il incorpore ainsi l'héritage de l'esclavage et la responsabilité de cet héritage jusqu'à une forme d'identification : il s'agit ici littéralement de parler <em>pour</em> les esclaves, c'est-à-dire <em>à leur place</em>, dans la mesure où ils n'ont pas (n'ont jamais eu) la parole.</p>\r\n ◀<p class="p1">Dans cet entretien, <a href="/node/9507">Malcolm X</a> va parler non seulement <em>au nom des</em> Noirs ou <em>en tant que</em> N ▶
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<p class="p1">C'est bien pour exemplifier ces conseils que <span class="s3"><a href="/node/9878">cette coach médiatique prête ses phrases à sa commensale</a></span>. Parler à la place des autres est monnaie courante chez les politiciens, notamment au cours des <a href="/node/9494">soirées électorales</a> quand, à partir de simples chiffres, ils induisent toutes sortes de messages délivrés par les électeurs. Le comique <a href="/node/10314">Christophe Alévêque</a> joue précisément de cette imposture qui prétend dégager une seule voix d'une multiplicité d'opinions très diverses. </p>\r\n ◀<p class="p1">C'est bien pour exemplifier ces conseils que <span class="s3"><a href="/node/9878">cette coach médiatique prête ses phrases à sa commensale</a></s ▶
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<p class="p1">Cette forme de substitution est également à l'œuvre dans l'imitation\u{FEFF} (écouter <a href="/node/9771"><em>La pomme-frite classique</em></a>, <a href="/node/9772"><span class="s1"><em>C’est gentil d’accepter de me parler</em></span></a>)\u{FEFF}\u{FEFF}. Mais le procédé de la citation peut également relever de cette catégorie : c’est le cas de cet <a href="/node/9497">entretien avec Jacques Lacan</a>, lequel est justement sommé par son interlocuteur de préciser la relation de responsabilité qu’il entretient avec ce qu’il vient de dire à la place de Freud. </p>\r\n ◀<p class="p1">Cette forme de substitution est également à l'œuvre dans l'imitation\u{FEFF} (écouter <a href="/node/9771"><em>La pomme-frite classique< ▶
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<p class="p1">Quand la personne dont on usurpe la voix est présente, la relation de substitution peut apparaître comme violente : ainsi <a href="/node/9505">Arletty s’adressant à son employée Marthe</a> tout en parlant à sa place, ou <a href="/node/9499">Michel Drucker retraduisant de l'anglais à l'anglais</a> la parole de Serge Gainsbourg à Whitney Houston. De manière plus perverse encore, on peut entendre<a href="/node/10251"> Jacques Martin engager l'action d'un enfant</a> en faisant mine de s'adresser au public, "<em>Ce jeune homme qui va gagner la scène, sans que je lui dise, c'est Jean-Sébastien</em>", et s'exposant à la réfutation butée de celui dont il prétend prédire les actions.</p>\r\n ◀<p class="p1">Quand la personne dont on usurpe la voix est présente, la relation de substitution peut apparaître comme violente : ainsi <a href="/node/9505 ▶
\r\n
<p>Dans certains cas, la limite entre les deux sujets, celui qui parle et celui à la place duquel on parle, devient floue. La substitution tend à l'identification. C'est le cas dans <a href="/node/9498">ce disque de relaxation</a> destiné à être joué aux enfants sur le point de s'endormir. C'est assurément le cas des <a href="/node/10260">personnes possédées</a> par le démon, tels que certains enregistrements certifiés authentiques nous les font entendre. C'est peut-être aussi le cas de ce <a href="/node/9504">fan de la chanteuse Britney Spears</a> qui sur YouTube prend la parole non pas <em>au nom de</em> la chanteuse (comme le ferait son agent, un ami ou un avocat) mais littéralement <em>à sa place</em>, engagé dans un processus d'empathie et d'identification intense qui flirte (vrai ou faux) avec la schizophrénie\u{FEFF}. Mais qui parle pour et de qui quand <span class="s3"><a href="/node/9883">ce marabout fait sa réclame</a></span> à la troisième personne\u{FEFF} ?</p>\r\n ◀<p>Dans certains cas, la limite entre les deux sujets, celui qui parle et celui à la place duquel on parle, devient floue. La substitution tend à l'identificati ▶
"""
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#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1246 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:boolean"
"settings" => array:2 [▶
"on_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1247 ▶
#string: "On"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"off_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1248 ▶
#string: "Off"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
]
]
#typedDataManager: null
#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1243}
}
#type: "boolean"
#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"metatag" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1249 ▶
#definition: array:10 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1250 ▶
#string: "Metatags (Hidden field for JSON support)"
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#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1251 ▶
#string: "The computed meta tags for the entity."
#arguments: []
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#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"computed" => true
"translatable" => true
"read-only" => true
"entity_type" => "taxonomy_term"
"cardinality" => -1
"provider" => "metatag"
"field_name" => "metatag"
"bundle" => null
]
#typedDataManager: null
#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1252 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:metatag_computed"
"settings" => []
]
#typedDataManager: null
#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1249}
}
#type: "metatag_computed"
#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"path" => Drupal\Core\Field\Entity\BaseFieldOverride {#1281 ▶
#entityTypeId: "base_field_override"
#enforceIsNew: null
#typedData: null
#cacheContexts: array:2 [▶
0 => "url.site"
1 => "languages:language_interface"
]
#cacheTags: []
#cacheMaxAge: -1
#_serviceIds: []
#_entityStorages: []
#originalId: "taxonomy_term.entrees.path"
#status: true
#uuid: "ad1042f1-dcec-47c3-8992-724bfb598beb"
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#langcode: "fr"
#third_party_settings: []
#_core: []
#trustedData: false
#dependencies: array:2 [▶
"config" => array:1 [▶
0 => "taxonomy.vocabulary.entrees"
]
"module" => array:1 [▶
0 => "path"
]
]
#isSyncing: false
#id: "taxonomy_term.entrees.path"
#field_name: "path"
#field_type: "path"
#entity_type: "taxonomy_term"
#bundle: "entrees"
#label: "Alias d'URL"
#description: ""
#settings: []
#required: false
#translatable: false
#default_value: []
#default_value_callback: ""
#fieldStorage: null
#itemDefinition: null
#constraints: []
#propertyConstraints: []
#baseFieldDefinition: null
+original: ? Drupal\Core\Field\Entity\BaseFieldOverride
}
"content_translation_source" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1256 ▶
#definition: array:10 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1257 ▶
#string: "Translation source"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1258 ▶
#string: "The source language from which this translation was created."
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"default_value" => array:1 [▶
0 => array:1 [▶
"value" => "und"
]
]
"initial_value" => array:1 [▶
0 => array:1 [▶
"value" => "und"
]
]
"revisionable" => true
"translatable" => true
"provider" => "content_translation"
"field_name" => "content_translation_source"
"entity_type" => "taxonomy_term"
"bundle" => null
]
#typedDataManager: null
#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1259 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:language"
"settings" => []
]
#typedDataManager: null
#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1256}
}
#type: "language"
#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"content_translation_outdated" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1260 ▶
#definition: array:10 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1261 ▶
#string: "Translation outdated"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1262 ▶
#string: "A boolean indicating whether this translation needs to be updated."
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"default_value" => array:1 [▶
0 => array:1 [▶
"value" => false
]
]
"initial_value" => array:1 [▶
0 => array:1 [▶
"value" => false
]
]
"revisionable" => true
"translatable" => true
"provider" => "content_translation"
"field_name" => "content_translation_outdated"
"entity_type" => "taxonomy_term"
"bundle" => null
]
#typedDataManager: null
#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1263 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:boolean"
"settings" => array:2 [▶
"on_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1264 ▶
#string: "On"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"off_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1265 ▶
#string: "Off"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
]
]
#typedDataManager: null
#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1260}
}
#type: "boolean"
#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"content_translation_uid" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1266 ▶
#definition: array:9 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1267 ▶
#string: "Translation author"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1268 ▶
#string: "The author of this translation."
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"revisionable" => true
"default_value_callback" => "Drupal\taxonomy\TermTranslationHandler::getDefaultOwnerId"
"translatable" => true
"provider" => "content_translation"
"field_name" => "content_translation_uid"
"entity_type" => "taxonomy_term"
"bundle" => null
]
#typedDataManager: null
#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1269 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:entity_reference"
"settings" => array:3 [▶
"target_type" => "user"
"handler" => "default"
"handler_settings" => []
]
]
#typedDataManager: null
#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1266}
}
#type: "entity_reference"
#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"content_translation_created" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1270 ▶
#definition: array:8 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1271 ▶
#string: "Translation created time"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1272 ▶
#string: "The Unix timestamp when the translation was created."
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"revisionable" => true
"translatable" => true
"provider" => "content_translation"
"field_name" => "content_translation_created"
"entity_type" => "taxonomy_term"
"bundle" => null
]
#typedDataManager: null
#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1273 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:created"
"settings" => []
]
#typedDataManager: null
#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1270}
}
#type: "created"
#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"field_color" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#1282 ▶
#entityTypeId: "field_config"
#enforceIsNew: null
#typedData: null
#cacheContexts: array:2 [▶
0 => "url.site"
1 => "languages:language_interface"
]
#cacheTags: []
#cacheMaxAge: -1
#_serviceIds: []
#_entityStorages: []
#originalId: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_color"
#status: true
#uuid: "185764a3-7cbf-4de2-a7b1-aafab3624b20"
-isUninstalling: false
#langcode: "fr"
#third_party_settings: []
#_core: []
#trustedData: false
#dependencies: array:2 [▶
"config" => array:2 [▶
0 => "field.storage.taxonomy_term.field_color"
1 => "taxonomy.vocabulary.entrees"
]
"module" => array:1 [▶
0 => "color_field"
]
]
#isSyncing: false
#id: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_color"
#field_name: "field_color"
#field_type: "color_field_type"
#entity_type: "taxonomy_term"
#bundle: "entrees"
#label: "Color"
#description: ""
#settings: array:1 [▶
"opacity" => 0
]
#required: true
#translatable: false
#default_value: []
#default_value_callback: ""
#fieldStorage: null
#itemDefinition: null
#constraints: []
#propertyConstraints: []
#deleted: false
+original: ? Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig
}
"field_notice" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#1283 ▶
#entityTypeId: "field_config"
#enforceIsNew: null
#typedData: null
#cacheContexts: array:2 [▶
0 => "url.site"
1 => "languages:language_interface"
]
#cacheTags: []
#cacheMaxAge: -1
#_serviceIds: []
#_entityStorages: []
#originalId: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_notice"
#status: true
#uuid: "1c4e5658-bc6e-4713-95c8-1f05a3b37dcb"
-isUninstalling: false
#langcode: "fr"
#third_party_settings: []
#_core: []
#trustedData: false
#dependencies: array:2 [▶
"config" => array:2 [▶
0 => "field.storage.taxonomy_term.field_notice"
1 => "taxonomy.vocabulary.entrees"
]
"module" => array:1 [▶
0 => "text"
]
]
#isSyncing: false
#id: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_notice"
#field_name: "field_notice"
#field_type: "text_long"
#entity_type: "taxonomy_term"
#bundle: "entrees"
#label: "Notice"
#description: ""
#settings: []
#required: false
#translatable: true
#default_value: []
#default_value_callback: ""
#fieldStorage: null
#itemDefinition: null
#constraints: []
#propertyConstraints: []
#deleted: false
+original: ? Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig
}
"field_workflow" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#1284 ▶
#entityTypeId: "field_config"
#enforceIsNew: null
#typedData: null
#cacheContexts: array:2 [▶
0 => "url.site"
1 => "languages:language_interface"
]
#cacheTags: []
#cacheMaxAge: -1
#_serviceIds: []
#_entityStorages: []
#originalId: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_workflow"
#status: true
#uuid: "e0dc8009-88cd-48a6-9333-ab4666478b8f"
-isUninstalling: false
#langcode: "fr"
#third_party_settings: []
#_core: []
#trustedData: false
#dependencies: array:2 [▶
"config" => array:2 [▶
0 => "field.storage.taxonomy_term.field_workflow"
1 => "taxonomy.vocabulary.entrees"
]
"module" => array:1 [▶
0 => "workflow"
]
]
#isSyncing: false
#id: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_workflow"
#field_name: "field_workflow"
#field_type: "workflow"
#entity_type: "taxonomy_term"
#bundle: "entrees"
#label: "Workflow"
#description: ""
#settings: []
#required: true
#translatable: false
#default_value: array:1 [▶
0 => []
]
#default_value_callback: ""
#fieldStorage: null
#itemDefinition: null
#constraints: []
#propertyConstraints: []
#deleted: false
+original: ? Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig
}
]
#languages: array:4 [▶
"fr" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1103 ▶
#name: "French"
#id: "fr"
#direction: "ltr"
#weight: 0
#locked: false
}
"en" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1102 ▶
#name: "English"
#id: "en"
#direction: "ltr"
#weight: 1
#locked: false
}
"und" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1104 ▶
#name: "Not specified"
#id: "und"
#direction: "ltr"
#weight: 2
#locked: true
}
"zxx" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1098 ▶
#name: "Not applicable"
#id: "zxx"
#direction: "ltr"
#weight: 3
#locked: true
}
]
#langcodeKey: "langcode"
#defaultLangcodeKey: "default_langcode"
#activeLangcode: "en"
#enforceDefaultTranslation: null
#defaultLangcode: "fr"
#translations: &28 array:2 [▶
"x-default" => array:2 [▶
"status" => 1
"entity" => Drupal\taxonomy\Entity\Term {#1095 ▶
#entityTypeId: "taxonomy_term"
#enforceIsNew: &2 null
#typedData: null
#cacheContexts: []
#cacheTags: []
#cacheMaxAge: -1
#_serviceIds: []
#_entityStorages: []
#values: &3 array:25 [▶]
#fields: &4 []
#fieldDefinitions: null
#languages: array:4 [▶
"fr" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1103 ▶}
"en" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1102 ▶}
"und" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1104 ▶}
"zxx" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1098 ▶}
]
#langcodeKey: "langcode"
#defaultLangcodeKey: "default_langcode"
#activeLangcode: "x-default"
#enforceDefaultTranslation: null
#defaultLangcode: "fr"
#translations: &28 array:2 […]
#translationInitialize: false
#newRevision: &29 false
#isDefaultRevision: &30 "1"
#entityKeys: &31 array:4 [▶
"bundle" => "entrees"
"id" => "116"
"revision" => "116"
"uuid" => "5406ba89-2c85-4e13-bf78-718240db00e6"
]
#translatableEntityKeys: &32 array:5 [▶
"label" => array:2 [▶
"en" => "Responsibility"
"x-default" => "Responsabilités"
]
"langcode" => array:2 [▶
"x-default" => "fr"
"en" => "en"
]
"published" => array:2 [▶
"en" => "1"
"x-default" => "1"
]
"default_langcode" => array:2 [▶
"en" => "0"
"x-default" => "1"
]
"revision_translation_affected" => array:2 [▶
"en" => null
"x-default" => "1"
]
]
#validated: false
#validationRequired: false
#loadedRevisionId: &33 "116"
#revisionTranslationAffectedKey: "revision_translation_affected"
#enforceRevisionTranslationAffected: &34 []
#isSyncing: &35 false
}
]
"en" => array:2 [▶
"status" => 1
"entity" => Drupal\taxonomy\Entity\Term {#1100}
]
]
#translationInitialize: false
#newRevision: &29 false
#isDefaultRevision: &30 "1"
#entityKeys: &31 array:4 [▶]
#translatableEntityKeys: &32 array:5 [▶]
#validated: false
#validationRequired: false
#loadedRevisionId: &33 "116"
#revisionTranslationAffectedKey: "revision_translation_affected"
#enforceRevisionTranslationAffected: &34 []
#isSyncing: &35 false
}