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Drupal\taxonomy\Entity\Term {#1085 #entityTypeId: "taxonomy_term" #enforceIsNew: null #typedData: null #cacheContexts: [] #cacheTags: [] #cacheMaxAge: -1 #_serviceIds: [] #_entityStorages: [] #values: array:25 [ "tid" => array:1 [ "x-default" => "133" ] "revision_id" => array:1 [ "x-default" => "133" ] "vid" => array:1 [ "x-default" => "entrees" ] "uuid" => array:1 [ "x-default" => "6397116d-d3ee-4949-a48e-e19fa2d567a7" ] "langcode" => array:2 [ "x-default" => "fr" "en" => "en" ] "revision_default" => array:1 [ "x-default" => "1" ] "revision_user" => array:1 [ "x-default" => null ] "revision_created" => array:1 [ "x-default" => null ] "revision_log_message" => array:1 [ "x-default" => null ] "isDefaultRevision" => array:1 [ "x-default" => "1" ] "name" => array:2 [ "en" => "Projection" "x-default" => "Projections" ] "description" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "value" => "<p>Occurs when speech is addressed to an absent interlocutor. Lacking any response, the speaker builds their speech around a projected image of the recipient in more or less intimate, generic, real, or stereotyped ways.</p>\r\n<p>Occurs when speech is addressed to an absent interlocutor. Lacking any response, the speaker builds their speech around a projected image of the recipient in" "format" => "wysiwyg" ] "x-default" => array:2 [ "value" => "<p>Manière dont une parole s'adresse à un interlocuteur absent. Privé de rétroaction, le locuteur projette une image de son destinataire et construit une parole qui révèle l'idée qu'il se fait de leur relation, plus ou moins intime ou générique, réelle ou stéréotypée.</p>\r\n<p>Manière dont une parole s'adresse à un interlocuteur absent. Privé de rétroaction, le locuteur projette une image de son destinataire et construit une parole" "format" => "wysiwyg" ] ] "changed" => array:2 [ "en" => "1610465838" "x-default" => "1610465838" ] "default_langcode" => array:2 [ "en" => "0" "x-default" => "1" ] "content_translation_source" => array:2 [ "en" => "fr" "x-default" => "und" ] "content_translation_outdated" => array:2 [ "en" => "0" "x-default" => "0" ] "content_translation_uid" => array:2 [ "en" => "32" "x-default" => "0" ] "content_translation_created" => array:2 [ "en" => "1523449887" "x-default" => "1523606017" ] "status" => array:2 [ "en" => "1" "x-default" => "1" ] "revision_translation_affected" => array:2 [ "en" => null "x-default" => "1" ] "weight" => array:2 [ "en" => "-24" "x-default" => "-24" ] "parent" => array:1 [ "x-default" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "target_id" => "0" ] ] ] "field_color" => array:1 [ "x-default" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "color" => "#0399BB" "opacity" => null ] ] ] "field_notice" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "value" => """ <p><strong>Projection | Occurs when speech is addressed to an absent interlocutor. Lacking any response, the speaker builds their speech around a projected image of the recipient in more or less intimate, generic, real, or stereotyped ways.</strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>Projection | Occurs when speech is addressed to an absent interlocutor. Lacking any response, the speaker builds their speech around a projected imag \r\n <p><the called="" have="" process="" we="">Projection is relatively recent in the history of human speech. Before the invention of recording, situations where one spoke to an absent interlocutor were rather rare: prayer or invocation, theater or poetry, madness. Today, forms of speech containing projection are very present in our lives, whether in television, radio, recorded announcements, vocal servers, voicemail messages, or online videos. In face to face situations, speech constantly adjusts and coordinates itself to another person’s words. Without an interlocutor, however, a speaker relies on their own idea of who they are speaking to, giving their speech the particular character of a voice spoken in emptiness. </the></p>\r\n<p><the called="" have="" process="" we="">Projection is relatively recent in the history of human speech. Before the invention of recording, situations where o \r\n <p><in projected="" relationship="" speech="" their="" to=""> </in></p>\r\n \r\n <h4 class="inter-titre">Standardized address</h4>\r\n \r\n <p><speech addressed="" generically="" is="" that="">Speech that is generically addressed, paced by default to suit <em>everyone</em>, all types of interlocutor, can be heard every day. This is speech whose neutrality has been carefully thought out. It is the speech of <a href="/node/9740">vocal servers</a>, <a href="/node/9741">recorded announcements</a> in the subway, <a href="/node/9737">airport announcements</a>, or <a href="/node/10360">rituals like </a><a href="/node/10360">auctions</a>, for example. It is also the speech of <a href="/node/9432">television newsreaders</a>, which must be able to be received by every category of viewer.</speech></p>\r\n<p><speech addressed="" generically="" is="" that="">Speech that is generically addressed, paced by default to suit <em>everyone</em>, all types of interlocutor \r\n <p>In the same way, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="836315a9-2fa7-472a-998f-8bc9301f0f68" href="/node/9738">voicemail greetings</a> are an occasion for constructing speech that is welcoming to all, whether it be one’s girlfriend, parents, employer, or tax inspector. These greetings are standardized according to how the speaker designs their panel of listeners, and how they choose to create a more or less distant relationship with them.</p>\r\n<p>In the same way, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="836315a9-2fa7-472a-998f-8bc9301f0f68" href="/node/9738">vo \r\n <p>This <a href="/node/10281">reading of a Serge Gainsbourg song</a> shows another way of searching for a certain form of <i>address to all</i>.</p>\r\n \r\n <p>In the following excerpt, taken from <a href="/node/9381">an amateur radio station’s “making of” segment</a>, we can hear this very process of constructing a standardized form of address in action. More specifically, we can hear speakers constantly move from a present-concrete form of address to a projected-abstract form of address.</p>\r\n<p>In the following excerpt, taken from <a href="/node/9381">an amateur radio station’s “making of” segment</a>, we can hear this very process of constructing a \r\n <p><this case="" last="">This last case, excerpted from <a href="/node/9380">a hypnosis recording</a>, is interesting in that the desire to create speech that works for any listener does not imply the elaboration of a neutral form as it does in previous examples but, on the contrary, a stylized form so strange that it corresponds to no predefined relationship (and can thus be suited to anybody). </this></p>\r\n<p><this case="" last="">This last case, excerpted from <a href="/node/9380">a hypnosis recording</a>, is interesting in that the desire to create speech that w \r\n <h4 class="inter-titre">Fantasized interlocutors</h4>\r\n \r\n <p>The process of projection is particularly interesting when the speaker addresses a given category of people: by imagining idealized members of these categories, the speaker reveals which preconceived ideas they may have about them. This can apply to <a href="/node/10365">the idea of a child</a>, <a href="/node/9869">a</a><a href="/node/9869"> potential buyer</a> of an exceptional instrument, a <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="ba46b3f9-6424-49ab-968f-f5b6ecdebbd4" href="/node/9385">fan</a>, a <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="a1c11876-c914-4939-b2ab-b3a7aebbe964" href="/node/9726">possible adversary</a>, a <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7dcfa3c4-fb4d-42d5-ab07-7e86179f47be" href="/node/9392">john</a>, a <a href="/node/9873">viewer</a> or even a <a href="/node/9595">solitary radio listener</a>. This is also the case with manuals or tutorials: the speaker addresses themselves to a panel of <a href="/node/9583">home gymnastics</a> or <a href="/node/9735">zouk enthusiasts</a> of varying sizes; to listeners wanting to <a href="/node/9831">learn a </a><a href="/node/9831">John Lennon song</a> or how to speak <a href="/node/9834">English with a Russian accent</a>. One even speaks <a href="/node/10316">in </a><a href="/node/10316">a very similar manner</a> to the owner of a plant, or to the plant itself.</p>\r\n<p>The process of projection is particularly interesting when the speaker addresses a given category of people: by imagining idealized members of these categori \r\n <p>Artist Amy Walker's <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6dba501d-03de-49e8-b9c2-6a626fba9728" href="/node/9727">collection of “yeses”</a> each puts a particular relationship with the recipient into play. In the same way, this excerpt from a Sylvie Joly sketch imagines <a href="/node/9730">a scene with an annoying interlocutor</a>. The following two excerpts show two very different ways of addressing the category of “the people”: an excerpt from <a href="/node/9736">General De Gaulle’s radio appeal</a> of June 22, 1940 and an excerpt from <a href="/node/9543">an appearance by the Group of Occasional and Precarious Workers</a> on France 2’s news hour.</p>\r\n<p>Artist Amy Walker's <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6dba501d-03de-49e8-b9c2-6a626fba9728" href="/node/9727" \r\n <p>We can also hear the very particular way in which this Art Brut artist’s recorded message addresses the <a href="/node/9389">“girls and women of the entire world.”</a> With less crooning, one can sometimes hear individuals in the street or in the subway <a href="/node/9871">speaking to no one and everyone all at once</a>, to the public in the subway train, to the bastards, to the manipulators that we suspect are among us (see also <a href="/node/9872"><i>Mais oui t’as raison</i></a>. Lastly, <a href="/node/9734">prayer</a> is a perfect example of projected speech and, moreover, develops a relationship that is completely fantasized for some but very intimate and real for others.</p>\r\n<p>We can also hear the very particular way in which this Art Brut artist’s recorded message addresses the <a href="/node/9389">“girls and women of the entire w \r\n <h4 class="inter-titre">Intimate relationships</h4>\r\n \r\n <p>When projection takes shape around an absent interlocutor that we know well, what is used in the resulting discourse is the memory of the relationship we have, or dream of having, with said person: projection then shows us the essence of this relationship, at least according to how the speaker projects it. Such is the case in this <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="fcf89cdb-188f-4166-a4f9-d60437c48e48" href="/node/10282">tape</a> from a woman to her mother (see also <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f012e479-5c3d-44cd-8e63-c0f183c30380" href="/node/9868"><i>Tu es mon autre</i></a>). In <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="49b143a5-cf51-4617-967c-dc714f5bb658" href="/node/9728">a child’s </a><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="49b143a5-cf51-4617-967c-dc714f5bb658" href="/node/9728">calls to his absent mother</a>, we can hear the residual intimacy of a mother-son relationship.</p>\r\n<p>When projection takes shape around an absent interlocutor that we know well, what is used in the resulting discourse is the memory of the relationship we hav \r\n <p>One advantage of projection’s inherent distance is that it always functions as a vessel for saying things we would not say to a person’s face (see <a href="/node/9733">Te mettre à genoux</a> and <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="73633086-dc89-4411-a074-f79c39d6833c" href="/node/9732"><i>Dedicated to Molly</i></a>, or even for nearly <a href="/node/10271">confessing our love</a> to someone. <a href="/node/10240">In this </a><a href="/node/10240">famous speech</a> marking the transfer of Jean Moulin’s ashes to the Pantheon, André Malraux’s overemphatic solemnity is certainly made possible by projection (it is hard to imagine this type of speech addressed to someone alive and present), though it is likely amplified by the speaker’s <i>responsibility</i>, speaking in his country’s name and thus giving his words a remarkable form of overemphasis (see the entry on <i>Overemphasis</i>).</p>\r\n<p>One advantage of projection’s inherent distance is that it always functions as a vessel for saying things we would not say to a person’s face (see <a href="/ \r\n <h4 class="inter-titre">Performing identities</h4>\r\n \r\n <p>Film and theater are paradigms for situations in which the absence of a real interlocutor allows a speaker to play a role, as with a <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="0c5eac61-165e-4724-b966-89bdc295f313" href="/node/9729">young Isabelle Adjani</a> in her first audition, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="d16b7a46-d59e-4e91-b4fc-a07fd04a3df2" href="/node/9731">Simone Signoret</a> in<i> The Human Voice</i>, or even Redjep Mitrovitsa performing <a href="/node/9486">an excerpt from the </a><a href="/node/9486"><i>Nijinsky Diary</i></a> (see also<a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="a1c11876-c914-4939-b2ab-b3a7aebbe964" href="/node/9726"><i>You’re talking to me?</i></a>).</p>\r\n<p>Film and theater are paradigms for situations in which the absence of a real interlocutor allows a speaker to play a role, as with a <a data-entity-substitut \r\n <p>But this process can also be found in non-artistic situations: projection is what allows a speaker to take on an identity that suits them without the risk of being put in their place. Whether it be <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1b4c8dae-8256-46f1-b27f-700610fb3f19" href="/node/9546">a crew from the suburbs of Paris</a> speaking to an aspiring rapper, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="10463bea-ea25-47bf-a6a9-3cefbab92f24" href="/node/9550">a bank employee leaving a message</a> on a client’s voicemail, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="5ffa2e86-c980-4e6d-957a-0dd3ca7f4c78" href="/node/9383">a teenager speaking to the viewers of her blog</a>, or <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="fd56a961-a773-40e0-bbdf-fc6268f3b848" href="/node/9872">an individual castigating the “murder of Palestinians,”</a> each of these examples shows speakers freely imagining and performing their role within a given enunciative situation.</p>\r\n<p>But this process can also be found in non-artistic situations: projection is what allows a speaker to take on an identity that suits them without the risk of """ "format" => "wysiwyg" ] ] "x-default" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "value" => """ <p><strong>Projection | Phénomène par lequel une parole s'adresse à un interlocuteur absent. Privé de rétroaction, le locuteur projette une image de son destinataire et construit une parole qui révèle l'idée qu'il se fait de leur relation, plus ou moins intime ou générique, réelle ou stéréotypée.</strong></p>\r\n<p><strong>Projection | Phénomène par lequel une parole s'adresse à un interlocuteur absent. Privé de rétroaction, le locuteur projette une image de son destina \r\n <p><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Le phénomène que nous avons appelé <em>projection</em> est relativement récent dans l’histoire de la parole humaine. Avant l’invention de l’enregistrement, les situations où l’on s’adressait à un interlocuteur absent étaient plutôt rares : la prière ou l'invocation, le théâtre ou la poésie, la folie. Aujourd'hui ces paroles comportant une adresse projetée sont très présentes dans nos vies, que ce soit à la télévision, à la radio, dans les annonces enregistrées, les serveurs vocaux, les messages de répondeurs ou les vidéos postées sur internet. Dans les situations </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">face à face, la parole s'ajuste et s'accorde en permanence à la parole de l'autre. En revanche, en l'absence d'interlocuteur, le locuteur </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">s’appuie sur l'idée qu'il se fait de celui à qui il s'adresse, donnant à sa parole la forme particulière d'une voix dans le vide.</span></p>\r\n<p><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Le phénomène que nous avons appelé <em>projection</em> est relativement récent dans l’histoire de la parole humaine. Ava \r\n <p>Dans leur relation avec l’adresse projetée, les formes verbales vont s’ajuster au moins selon le panel de destinataires (une personne, un groupe d’amis, une foule) ; et le degré d’absence des destinataires (des gens dans le métro qui font semblant de ne pas écouter, des auditeurs à la radio, Dieu, des gens dans un aéroport susceptibles d’écouter, etc.). Selon ces deux axes, nous entendrons ainsi des formes des plus standardisées du point de vue de l’adresse, ou au contraire très personnalisées, et des formes où l’on va «faire exister» le destinataire de manière plus ou moins évidente.</p>\r\n<p>Dans leur relation avec l’adresse projetée, les formes verbales vont s’ajuster au moins selon le panel de destinataires (une personne, un groupe d’amis, une \r\n <h4 class="inter-titre"><em>Une adresse standard</em></h4>\r\n \r\n <p>On entend quotidiennement des paroles à l’adresse générique, cadencées pour convenir par défaut <em>à tout le monde</em>, à tout type d’interlocuteur. Ce sont des paroles à la neutralité étudiée. C’est par exemple la parole des <a href="/node/9740">serveurs vocaux</a>, des <a href="/node/9741">annonces enregistrées dans le métro</a>,&nbsp;des <a href="/node/9737">annonces d’aéroport</a> ou des <a href="/node/10360">rituels de type enchères</a>.</p>\r\n<p>On entend quotidiennement des paroles à l’adresse générique, cadencées pour convenir par défaut <em>à tout le monde</em>, à tout type d’interlocuteur. Ce son \r\n <p>C’est aussi <a href="/node/9432">la parole des speakerines à la télévision</a>&nbsp;qui doit pouvoir être reçue par toutes les catégories de téléspectateurs.</p>\r\n<p>C’est aussi <a href="/node/9432">la parole des speakerines à la télévision</a>&nbsp;qui doit pouvoir être reçue par toutes les catégories de téléspectateurs. \r\n <p>De même, <a href="/node/9738">les annonces de répondeur</a>&nbsp;sont l’occasion pour chacun de construire une parole accueillante pour tous, que ce soit sa petite amie, ses parents, son employeur ou le contrôleur des impôts.&nbsp;On peut ainsi entendre dans ces annonces une standardisation depuis la façon dont le locuteur entend préparer son panel, et établir une relation plus ou moins distante.</p>\r\n<p>De même, <a href="/node/9738">les annonces de répondeur</a>&nbsp;sont l’occasion pour chacun de construire une parole accueillante pour tous, que ce soit sa \r\n <p>On peut entendre d'une autre façon dans <a href="/node/10281">cette lecture d'une chanson</a> de Serge Gainsbourg&nbsp;quelque chose de la recherche d'une <em>adresse à tous</em>. &nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>On peut entendre d'une autre façon dans <a href="/node/10281">cette lecture d'une chanson</a> de Serge Gainsbourg&nbsp;quelque chose de la recherche d'une <e \r\n <p>Dans l’extrait suivant, tiré du making-of d'une radio amateur, on entend précisément <a href="/node/9381">la construction d’une adresse standard</a>. Plus précisément, les locuteurs passent sans cesse d’une adresse présente-concrète à une adresse projetée-abstraite.</p>\r\n<p>Dans l’extrait suivant, tiré du making-of d'une radio amateur, on entend précisément <a href="/node/9381">la construction d’une adresse standard</a>. Plus pr \r\n <p>Le dernier cas, <a href="/node/9380">extrait d’un disque d’hypnose</a>, est intéressant dans la mesure où le souci d’une parole opérante pour tous se traduit non par une recherche de neutralité comme dans les exemples précédents, mais à l’inverse, travaille une forme stylisée si étrange qu’elle ne correspond à aucune relation prédéfinie (et peut donc convenir à n’importe qui).</p>\r\n<p>Le dernier cas, <a href="/node/9380">extrait d’un disque d’hypnose</a>, est intéressant dans la mesure où le souci d’une parole opérante pour tous se traduit \r\n <h4 class="inter-titre"><em>Un interlocuteur fantasmé</em></h4>\r\n \r\n <p>Le phénomène de la projection est particulièrement intéressant quand le locuteur s’adresse à une catégorie donnée de personnes : en se représentant des membres idéalisés de ces catégories, il révèle l'idée qu'il s'en fait.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Le phénomène de la projection est particulièrement intéressant quand le locuteur s’adresse à une catégorie donnée de personnes : en se représentant des membr \r\n <p>Cela peut être <a href="/node/10365">l'idée de l'enfant</a>, de&nbsp;<a href="/node/9869">l’acheteur potentiel d’un instrument exceptionnel</a>, du <a href="/node/9385">fan</a>,&nbsp;d'<a href="/node/9726">un possible adversaire</a>,&nbsp;d'<a href="/node/9392">un micheton</a>, d’<a href="/node/9873">un </a><a href="/node/9873">spectateur</a> ou encore d'<a href="/node/9595">un auditeur de radio solitaire</a>. On y retrouve aussi les cas de manuels ou de tutoriels : le locuteur s’adresse à un panel plus ou moins large d'adeptes de <a href="/node/9583">gymnastique domestique</a>&nbsp;ou de <a href="/node/9735">zouk</a> ; d'auditeurs voulant apprendre à jouer une <a href="/node/9831">chanson de John Lennon</a>, ou à <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="0345d563-4703-4ee3-8dfc-b2e7bda878bd" href="/node/9834">parler anglais avec un accent russe</a>.</p>\r\n<p>Cela peut être <a href="/node/10365">l'idée de l'enfant</a>, de&nbsp;<a href="/node/9869">l’acheteur potentiel d’un instrument exceptionnel</a>, du <a href=" \r\n <p>On s'adresse cependant parfois <a href="/node/10316">de manière tout à fait similaire</a> au propriétaire d'une plante verte, puis à la plante elle-même.&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>On s'adresse cependant parfois <a href="/node/10316">de manière tout à fait similaire</a> au propriétaire d'une plante verte, puis à la plante elle-même.&nbs \r\n <p>L'artiste Amy Walker a enregistré <a href="/node/9727">une collection de "<em>Yes</em>"</a>&nbsp;qui font jouer à chaque fois l’idée d’une relation particulière avec le destinataire. De même, cet extrait d’un sketch de Sylvie Joly&nbsp;fait apparaître <a href="/node/9730">la fiction d'un interlocuteur importun</a>.</p>\r\n<p>L'artiste Amy Walker a enregistré <a href="/node/9727">une collection de "<em>Yes</em>"</a>&nbsp;qui font jouer à chaque fois l’idée d’une relation particuli \r\n <p>Les deux extraits suivants sont des situations où l'on peut apprécier deux façons très différentes de s'adresser à la catégorie "peuple" : il s'agit d'un extrait de <a href="/node/9736">l'appel radiophonique \u{FEFF}du 22 juin 1940</a>&nbsp;et d'un extrait d'<a href="/node/9543">une intervention de la Coordination des intermittents et précaires au journal de France 2</a>.</p>\r\n<p>Les deux extraits suivants sont des situations où l'on peut apprécier deux façons très différentes de s'adresser à la catégorie "peuple" : il s'agit d'un ext \r\n <p>On peut entendre encore la manière très particulière dont <a href="/node/9389">cet artiste brut enregistre un message</a> adressé aux "filles et femmes du monde entier".&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>On peut entendre encore la manière très particulière dont <a href="/node/9389">cet artiste brut enregistre un message</a> adressé aux "filles et femmes du mo \r\n <p>D’une manière moins chantonnée, on entend quelquefois, dans la rue ou <span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="/node/9871">le métro</a>,&nbsp;</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">des individus s’adressant à tout le monde et à personne, au public composant la rame du métro, aux salauds, aux manipulateurs dont on doute qu’il soient parmi nous (écouter aussi </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px color: #e81f13;"><em><a href="/node/9872">Mais oui t’as raison</a></em></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">).</span></p>\r\n<p>D’une manière moins chantonnée, on entend quelquefois, dans la rue ou <span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="/node/9871">le métro</a>,&nbsp;</span><span \r\n <p>Enfin, <a href="/node/9734">la prière<strong>&nbsp;</strong>est une parole projetée</a> par excellence. De plus, le prieur instruit une relation totalement fantasmée pour certains, bien réelle et intime pour d’autres.</p>\r\n<p>Enfin, <a href="/node/9734">la prière<strong>&nbsp;</strong>est une parole projetée</a> par excellence. De plus, le prieur instruit une relation totalement f \r\n <h4 class="inter-titre"><em>Une relation intime</em></h4>\r\n \r\n <p>Quand la projection se fait à l’intention d’un interlocuteur familier mais absent, ce qui est mobilisé dans le discours c’est le souvenir de la relation qu’on entretient avec lui, ou que l'on rêve d'entretenir : la projection fait alors apparaître une quintessence de la relation, ou du moins la relation telle que le locuteur la projette.&nbsp;<br />\r\n<p>Quand la projection se fait à l’intention d’un interlocuteur familier mais absent, ce qui est mobilisé dans le discours c’est le souvenir de la relation qu’o Ainsi dans <a href="/node/9584">cette lettre d'amour audio</a>&nbsp;ou dans <a href="/node/10282">cette cassette d'une femme à sa mère</a> (écouter aussi <em><a href="/node/9868" title="Tu es mon autre">Tu es mon autre</a></em>).</p>\r\nAinsi dans <a href="/node/9584">cette lettre d'amour audio</a>&nbsp;ou dans <a href="/node/10282">cette cassette d'une femme à sa mère</a> (écouter aussi <em><a \r\n <p>Dans <a href="/node/9728">les appels d'un enfant à sa mère absente</a>,&nbsp;on entend ainsi l'intimité résiduelle de la relation mère-fils.&nbsp;</p>\r\n \r\n <p>Un avantage certain de la distance inhérente à la projection, c'est qu'elle constitue un dispositif permettant de dire des choses qu’on ne pourrait pas dire à la personne en face (écouter&nbsp;<a href="/node/9733"><em>Te mettre à genoux</em></a>,&nbsp;<a href="/node/9732"><em>Dedicated to Molly</em></a>), voire de prononcer <a href="/node/10271">des aveux</a> confinant à la déclaration d'amour.</p>\r\n<p>Un avantage certain de la distance inhérente à la projection, c'est qu'elle constitue un dispositif permettant de dire des choses qu’on ne pourrait pas dire \r\n <p>Dans le cas du <a href="/node/10240">fameux discours de transfert des cendres de Jean Moulin au Panthéon</a>: la solennité emphatique d'André Malraux est certes rendue possible par la projection (on n'imagine pas ce genre de discours adressé à quelqu'un de vivant et de présent), mais elle est sans doute amplifiée par la <em>responsabilité</em> du locuteur parlant au nom de la nation et donnant ainsi au discours une emphase<em> </em>remarquable (voir l'entrée <em>Emphases</em>).&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p>Dans le cas du <a href="/node/10240">fameux discours de transfert des cendres de Jean Moulin au Panthéon</a>: la solennité emphatique d'André Malraux est cer \r\n <h4 class="inter-titre"><em>Performer une identité</em></h4>\r\n \r\n <p>Le cinéma et le théâtre nous donnent le paradigme de situations où l'absence d'interlocuteur réel permet au locuteur de jouer un rôle : ainsi <a href="/node/9729">la jeune Isabelle Adjani</a> dans son premier casting, <a href="/node/9731">Simone Signoret dans <em>La Voix Humaine</em></a>, voire <a href="/node/9486">Redjep Mitrovitsa interprétant un extrait du <em>Journal de Nijinski</em></a> (écouter aussi <em><a href="/node/9726">You’re talking to me</a></em>)</p>\r\n<p>Le cinéma et le théâtre nous donnent le paradigme de situations où l'absence d'interlocuteur réel permet au locuteur de jouer un rôle : ainsi <a href="/node/ \r\n <p>Mais on retrouve également ce genre de phénomène dans des situations non-artistiques : la projection est ce qui permet de performer l’identité qui lui convient sans encourir le risque d’être interrompu ou remis à sa place. Que ce soit <a href="/node/9546">une&nbsp;bande du Val-de-Marne s'adressant à un rappeur</a>, <a href="/node/9550">une&nbsp;employée de banque laissant un message sur le répondeur de son client</a>, <a href="/node/9383">une&nbsp;adolescente s'adressant aux lecteurs de son blog vidéo</a>, ou <a href="/node/9872">un&nbsp;individu fustigeant "les assassins de Palestiniens"</a>, on entend clairement à chaque fois comment le locuteur met librement en scène sa position au sein de la situation d'interlocution.</p>\r\n<p>Mais on retrouve également ce genre de phénomène dans des situations non-artistiques : la projection est ce qui permet de performer l’identité qui lui convie """ "format" => "wysiwyg" ] ] ] "field_workflow" => array:1 [ "x-default" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "value" => "generique_publie" ] ] ] ] #fields: [] #fieldDefinitions: array:26 [ "tid" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1169 #definition: array:7 [ "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup 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null #options: [] #stringTranslation: null } ] ] #typedDataManager: null #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1235} } #type: "boolean" #propertyDefinitions: null #schema: null #indexes: [] } "metatag" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1241 #definition: array:10 [ "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1242 #string: "Metatags (Hidden field for JSON support)" #arguments: [] #translatedMarkup: null #options: [] #stringTranslation: null } "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1243 #string: "The computed meta tags for the entity." #arguments: [] #translatedMarkup: null #options: [] #stringTranslation: null } "computed" => true "translatable" => true "read-only" => true "entity_type" => "taxonomy_term" "cardinality" => -1 "provider" => "metatag" "field_name" => "metatag" "bundle" => null ] #typedDataManager: null #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1244 #definition: array:2 [ "type" => "field_item:metatag_computed" "settings" => [] ] #typedDataManager: null #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1241} } #type: "metatag_computed" #propertyDefinitions: null #schema: null #indexes: [] } "path" => Drupal\Core\Field\Entity\BaseFieldOverride {#1273 #entityTypeId: "base_field_override" #enforceIsNew: null #typedData: null #cacheContexts: array:2 [ 0 => "url.site" 1 => "languages:language_interface" ] #cacheTags: [] #cacheMaxAge: -1 #_serviceIds: [] #_entityStorages: [] #originalId: "taxonomy_term.entrees.path" #status: true #uuid: "ad1042f1-dcec-47c3-8992-724bfb598beb" -isUninstalling: false #langcode: "fr" #third_party_settings: [] #_core: [] #trustedData: false #dependencies: array:2 [ "config" => array:1 [ 0 => "taxonomy.vocabulary.entrees" ] "module" => array:1 [ 0 => "path" ] ] #isSyncing: false #id: "taxonomy_term.entrees.path" #field_name: "path" #field_type: "path" #entity_type: "taxonomy_term" #bundle: "entrees" #label: "Alias d'URL" #description: "" #settings: [] #required: false #translatable: false #default_value: [] #default_value_callback: "" #fieldStorage: null #itemDefinition: null #constraints: [] #propertyConstraints: [] #baseFieldDefinition: null +original: ? Drupal\Core\Field\Entity\BaseFieldOverride } "content_translation_source" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1248 #definition: array:10 [ "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1249 #string: "Translation source" #arguments: [] #translatedMarkup: null #options: [] #stringTranslation: null } "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1250 #string: "The source language from which this translation was created." #arguments: [] #translatedMarkup: null #options: [] #stringTranslation: null } "default_value" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "value" => "und" ] ] "initial_value" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "value" => "und" ] ] "revisionable" => true "translatable" => true "provider" => "content_translation" "field_name" => "content_translation_source" "entity_type" => "taxonomy_term" "bundle" => null ] #typedDataManager: null #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1251 #definition: array:2 [ "type" => "field_item:language" "settings" => [] ] #typedDataManager: null #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1248} } #type: "language" #propertyDefinitions: null #schema: null #indexes: [] } "content_translation_outdated" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1252 #definition: array:10 [ "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1253 #string: "Translation outdated" #arguments: [] #translatedMarkup: null #options: [] #stringTranslation: null } "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1254 #string: "A boolean indicating whether this translation needs to be updated." #arguments: [] #translatedMarkup: null #options: [] #stringTranslation: null } "default_value" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "value" => false ] ] "initial_value" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "value" => false ] ] "revisionable" => true "translatable" => true "provider" => "content_translation" "field_name" => "content_translation_outdated" "entity_type" => "taxonomy_term" "bundle" => null ] #typedDataManager: null #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1255 #definition: array:2 [ "type" => "field_item:boolean" "settings" => array:2 [ "on_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1256 #string: "On" #arguments: [] #translatedMarkup: null #options: [] #stringTranslation: null } "off_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1257 #string: "Off" #arguments: [] #translatedMarkup: null #options: [] #stringTranslation: null } ] ] #typedDataManager: null #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1252} } #type: "boolean" #propertyDefinitions: null #schema: null #indexes: [] } "content_translation_uid" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1258 #definition: array:9 [ "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1259 #string: "Translation author" #arguments: [] #translatedMarkup: null #options: [] #stringTranslation: null } "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1260 #string: "The author of this translation." #arguments: [] #translatedMarkup: null #options: [] #stringTranslation: null } "revisionable" => true "default_value_callback" => "Drupal\taxonomy\TermTranslationHandler::getDefaultOwnerId" "translatable" => true "provider" => "content_translation" "field_name" => "content_translation_uid" "entity_type" => "taxonomy_term" "bundle" => null ] #typedDataManager: null #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1261 #definition: array:2 [ "type" => "field_item:entity_reference" "settings" => array:3 [ "target_type" => "user" "handler" => "default" "handler_settings" => [] ] ] #typedDataManager: null #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1258} } #type: "entity_reference" #propertyDefinitions: null #schema: null #indexes: [] } "content_translation_created" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1262 #definition: array:8 [ "label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1263 #string: "Translation created time" #arguments: [] #translatedMarkup: null #options: [] #stringTranslation: null } "description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1264 #string: "The Unix timestamp when the translation was created." #arguments: [] #translatedMarkup: null #options: [] #stringTranslation: null } "revisionable" => true "translatable" => true "provider" => "content_translation" "field_name" => "content_translation_created" "entity_type" => "taxonomy_term" "bundle" => null ] #typedDataManager: null #itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1265 #definition: array:2 [ "type" => "field_item:created" "settings" => [] ] #typedDataManager: null #fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1262} } #type: "created" #propertyDefinitions: null #schema: null #indexes: [] } "field_color" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#1274 #entityTypeId: "field_config" #enforceIsNew: null #typedData: null #cacheContexts: array:2 [ 0 => "url.site" 1 => "languages:language_interface" ] #cacheTags: [] #cacheMaxAge: -1 #_serviceIds: [] #_entityStorages: [] #originalId: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_color" #status: true #uuid: "185764a3-7cbf-4de2-a7b1-aafab3624b20" -isUninstalling: false #langcode: "fr" #third_party_settings: [] #_core: [] #trustedData: false #dependencies: array:2 [ "config" => array:2 [ 0 => "field.storage.taxonomy_term.field_color" 1 => "taxonomy.vocabulary.entrees" ] "module" => array:1 [ 0 => "color_field" ] ] #isSyncing: false #id: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_color" #field_name: "field_color" #field_type: "color_field_type" #entity_type: "taxonomy_term" #bundle: "entrees" #label: "Color" #description: "" #settings: array:1 [ "opacity" => 0 ] #required: true #translatable: false #default_value: [] #default_value_callback: "" #fieldStorage: null #itemDefinition: null #constraints: [] #propertyConstraints: [] #deleted: false +original: ? Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig } "field_notice" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#1275 #entityTypeId: "field_config" #enforceIsNew: null #typedData: null #cacheContexts: array:2 [ 0 => "url.site" 1 => "languages:language_interface" ] #cacheTags: [] #cacheMaxAge: -1 #_serviceIds: [] #_entityStorages: [] #originalId: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_notice" #status: true #uuid: "1c4e5658-bc6e-4713-95c8-1f05a3b37dcb" -isUninstalling: false #langcode: "fr" #third_party_settings: [] #_core: [] #trustedData: false #dependencies: array:2 [ "config" => array:2 [ 0 => "field.storage.taxonomy_term.field_notice" 1 => "taxonomy.vocabulary.entrees" ] "module" => array:1 [ 0 => "text" ] ] #isSyncing: false #id: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_notice" #field_name: "field_notice" #field_type: "text_long" #entity_type: "taxonomy_term" #bundle: "entrees" #label: "Notice" #description: "" #settings: [] #required: false #translatable: true #default_value: [] #default_value_callback: "" #fieldStorage: null #itemDefinition: null #constraints: [] #propertyConstraints: [] #deleted: false +original: ? Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig } "field_workflow" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#1276 #entityTypeId: "field_config" #enforceIsNew: null #typedData: null #cacheContexts: array:2 [ 0 => "url.site" 1 => "languages:language_interface" ] #cacheTags: [] #cacheMaxAge: -1 #_serviceIds: [] #_entityStorages: [] #originalId: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_workflow" #status: true #uuid: "e0dc8009-88cd-48a6-9333-ab4666478b8f" -isUninstalling: false #langcode: "fr" #third_party_settings: [] #_core: [] #trustedData: false #dependencies: array:2 [ "config" => array:2 [ 0 => "field.storage.taxonomy_term.field_workflow" 1 => "taxonomy.vocabulary.entrees" ] "module" => array:1 [ 0 => "workflow" ] ] #isSyncing: false #id: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_workflow" #field_name: "field_workflow" #field_type: "workflow" #entity_type: "taxonomy_term" #bundle: "entrees" #label: "Workflow" #description: "" #settings: [] #required: true #translatable: false #default_value: array:1 [ 0 => [] ] #default_value_callback: "" #fieldStorage: null #itemDefinition: null #constraints: [] #propertyConstraints: [] #deleted: false +original: ? Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig } ] #languages: array:4 [ "fr" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1097 #name: "French" #id: "fr" #direction: "ltr" #weight: 0 #locked: false } "en" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1096 #name: "English" #id: "en" #direction: "ltr" #weight: 1 #locked: false } "und" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1098 #name: "Non spécifié" #id: "und" #direction: "ltr" #weight: 2 #locked: true } "zxx" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1088 #name: "Non applicable" #id: "zxx" #direction: "ltr" #weight: 3 #locked: true } ] #langcodeKey: "langcode" #defaultLangcodeKey: "default_langcode" #activeLangcode: "x-default" #enforceDefaultTranslation: null #defaultLangcode: "fr" #translations: array:2 [ "x-default" => array:1 [ "status" => 1 ] "en" => array:1 [ "status" => 1 ] ] #translationInitialize: false #newRevision: false #isDefaultRevision: "1" #entityKeys: array:4 [ "bundle" => "entrees" "id" => "133" "revision" => "133" "uuid" => "6397116d-d3ee-4949-a48e-e19fa2d567a7" ] #translatableEntityKeys: array:5 [ "label" => array:2 [ "en" => "Projection" "x-default" => "Projections" ] "langcode" => array:2 [ "x-default" => "fr" "en" => "en" ] "published" => array:2 [ "en" => "1" "x-default" => "1" ] "default_langcode" => array:2 [ "en" => "0" "x-default" => "1" ] "revision_translation_affected" => array:2 [ "en" => null "x-default" => "1" ] ] #validated: false #validationRequired: false #loadedRevisionId: "133" #revisionTranslationAffectedKey: "revision_translation_affected" #enforceRevisionTranslationAffected: [] #isSyncing: false }