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"value" => "<p class="Default" style="border:medium none; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:110%"><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS""><span style="color:black"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:110%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman"">Occurs when speech plays with the focal point of its address. Focalization is a means of switching between interlocutors, of opening or limiting one’s target, of distributing one’s words among various recipients, or of speaking to multiple parties at once.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>\r\n ◀<p class="Default" style="border:medium none; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:110%"><span style="font-family:&quo ▶"
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"value" => "<p>Phénomène par lequel une parole joue de différentes adresses. Manière de changer d'interlocuteur, d'élargir ou de resserrer sa cible, de se distribuer entre divers destinataires, voire de s'adresser en même temps à plusieurs instances.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Phénomène par lequel une parole joue de différentes adresses. Manière de changer d'interlocuteur, d'élargir ou de resserrer sa cible, de se distribuer entre ▶"
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<p><strong>Focalization | Occurs when speech plays with the focal point of its address. Focalization is a means of switching between interlocutors, of opening or limiting one’s target, of distributing one’s words among various recipients, or of speaking to multiple parties at once.</strong></p>\r\n ◀<p><strong>Focalization | Occurs when speech plays with the focal point of its address. Focalization is a means of switching between interlocutors, of opening o ▶
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<p>All speech is addressed to someone. It is hard to imagine speaking to <i>no one</i> at all: whether it be to oneself, to someone absent, to an abstraction, to an inanimate object or divinity, human speech only takes shape through the movement that leads it to another: it aims; it is a vector. The idea of focalization allows us to examine how a discourse’s aim can suddenly change, become more focused, or on the contrary more open, moving or distributing itself between various interlocutors.</p>\r\n ◀<p>All speech is addressed to someone. It is hard to imagine speaking to <i>no one</i> at all: whether it be to oneself, to someone absent, to an abstraction, t ▶
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<p><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="01eb142e-e716-4d0b-8a2e-baa673c3c1fe" href="/node/10363">In this excerpt of an Indochine concert</a>, the singer speaks to his public using the pronoun<i> tu</i> [singular, familiar form of “you”], using a paradoxical form of address aimed both at the crowd and each of its members. Most of the time, however, focalization happens when one form of address shifts to another. There are five main categories of focalization.</p>\r\n ◀<p><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="01eb142e-e716-4d0b-8a2e-baa673c3c1fe" href="/node/10363">In this excerpt of ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre"><i>Tightening</i></h4>\r\n
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<p>Often, a speaker addressing themselves to an entire gathering will suddenly focus on one of its members: here, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7b2253ec-50ae-4619-8754-f10a719c61f3" href="/node/9561">Dominique de Villepin focuses his answer</a> on François Hollande, or here<a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="904f19f6-9357-4c9a-a140-6f4028b799d3" href="/node/10321"> Daniel Cohn-Bendit shouts at his counterpart</a> Martin Schultz. In both cases, each speaker’s address asserts itself as it finds a focal point. Though more ordinary and thus more impassive in tone, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="612acf0b-c0b8-44f3-a1f8-bd96d68c6ce8" href="/node/10248">the same tightening process</a> can be heard in auctions, where auctioneers move from a form of open, inquiring address to one that is closed, focused on certain individuals, ratifying their offer when they bid.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Often, a speaker addressing themselves to an entire gathering will suddenly focus on one of its members: here, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-e ▶
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<p>In another context, Roland Barthes, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="bf57b17a-38bc-4f8e-bfac-257755a7e2a6" href="/node/10197">beginning his lecture at the Collège de France</a>, briefly focuses his discourse onto those of his auditors who are standing up, inviting them to come back another time. During a conference on Proust, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="78bd866a-e6a7-42cd-b7fe-2c5cbcd72848" href="/node/10354">François Bon illustrates his point</a> by personally addressing one of his audience members. Likewise, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="99248e42-6044-46d7-8fc8-b79990723ee1" href="/node/9916">in this excerpt of the film </a><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="99248e42-6044-46d7-8fc8-b79990723ee1" href="/node/9916"><i>Entre les murs</i></a>, the teacher first speaks to the entire class, then focuses his words on certain members, targeting his injunctions. <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="dec3511e-08d0-4116-97a6-ad33b47b7cea" href="/node/10425">A plowman does the same</a> when giving instructions to each of his steers.</p>\r\n ◀<p>In another context, Roland Barthes, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="bf57b17a-38bc-4f8e-bfac-257755a7e2a6" h ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre"><i>Distribution</i></h4>\r\n
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<p>The most systematic example of distributed address can be seen in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6e196b9c-dca2-4134-8d82-4de438187cd2" href="/node/9701">this list of thanks</a> taken from a Jane Birkin concert. Formal situations such as <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="eb20c4ba-7379-48b2-87e6-63eea8e23397" href="/node/10325">Jacques Chirac’s inaugural speech</a> or <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="86d75037-01bc-4f59-937e-45c00acab879" href="/node/9475">this Jacques Vergès plea</a> are also conducive to this kind of serial address, much like messages heard on television, spoken, however, in a much more relaxed way. In this excerpt of a Claudia Tagbo show, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="20944cad-bc76-4751-a6da-d38c287e133e" href="/node/9699">the comedian splits her public up</a> by successively addressing herself to White, Arab, Black, and Asian women, and in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="95ed20f8-aa11-4c29-911b-69a032bbcbdc" href="/node/9911">this A Silver Mt. Zion concert</a>, the singer speaks to his public by distributing its members into socio-professional categories.</p>\r\n ◀<p>The most systematic example of distributed address can be seen in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6e196b9c- ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre"><i>Alternation</i></h4>\r\n
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<p>Perhaps the most spectacular instances of focalization are those where a speaker shifts their focus between two recipients with very different statuses: like when <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="26a7894e-8c91-44b7-8ecb-fc659d27a9ab" href="/node/10351">this man speaks in very contrasting terms</a> to a journalist for France Culture and to his dog; or when <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7a9e60ed-34d1-4a0c-a7f2-7053c824551a" href="/node/10316">this voice suddenly focuses</a> on a plant; when <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="cac40dcb-292c-4fd5-8afa-cfcd177517d5" href="/node/10324">this truck</a><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="cac40dcb-292c-4fd5-8afa-cfcd177517d5" href="/node/10324"><b> </b></a><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="cac40dcb-292c-4fd5-8afa-cfcd177517d5" href="/node/10324">farmer</a> moves from an aside back to the general public; when <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="c568063e-0248-49c8-8939-30ac990e492e" href="/node/9878">this singing coach</a> moves between addressing her student and an imaginary public, or even in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7e163022-878b-411c-81ea-6910e9e177be" href="/node/10293">this famous excerpt of </a><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7e163022-878b-411c-81ea-6910e9e177be" href="/node/10293"><i>La Femme du boulanger</i></a>, where the character played by Raimu transposes his speech full of reproaches to his wife into one aimed at the female cat that has just walked into the kitchen.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Perhaps the most spectacular instances of focalization are those where a speaker shifts their focus between two recipients with very different statuses: like ▶
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<p>Sometimes a change in address happens more smoothly, as in this message from <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="2b0539cc-15c3-49db-9aba-e8a861607c85" href="/node/10271">the ex-lead singer of Pantera</a> about the death of guitarist Dimebag Darrel: we hear him go from “he” to “you,” transforming an apology to his family into a declaration of love. Many instances of alternating address can be found on radio and television, since speakers often pass from generic forms of address aimed at viewers or listeners to more concrete, focused forms of address, whether it be to a guest, as in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8b686d39-29c3-4911-8f00-d548ebb4ae11" href="/node/9696">this interview with Colette</a> or <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="95c4f379-a159-4cc9-8cd2-1f9f240abded" href="/node/9697">Ségolène Royal</a>, or to a co-host, as <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7921b9bb-9b8f-4fad-a537-6b1b3f9fbeaa" href="/node/9381">in this amateur radio show</a> where we can hear two budding hosts prepare what they will be saying.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Sometimes a change in address happens more smoothly, as in this message from <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre"><i>Multi-focalization</i></h4>\r\n
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<p>But focalization is even more remarkable when it happens with three, four, even five different forms of address. Spectacular examples of multi-focalization can often be seen on television, as in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6db66cc7-82cd-4d54-b938-be6430763dda" href="/node/9698">this Evelyne Thomas show</a> (successive addresses to Thomas, to the viewers, to the show’s guests); <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6387f009-6af9-4376-ab1f-07bbd7bb734a" href="/node/10193">this fit of uncontrollable laughter</a> by host Laurie Cholewa (the public, her colleagues, the viewers); <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="618da448-6d38-4093-8e43-6445389ab9da" href="/node/9909">this regional counselor</a> (the president, the viewers, the guest, the orchestra); <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7cd866a8-2ca8-4a09-a487-fadf4f15d794" href="/node/10320">this cooking show</a> about an eel matelote with Maïté (the viewer, Micheline, the eel); <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="5d5aee1c-1402-48e7-8af2-3e0df68848ec" href="/node/10223">this televised appearance by Michel Sardou</a> (you all, you, you, the guy saying “ooh”) or <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="c3f2b00a-c13f-4cbd-b3e7-9945690b5c7e" href="/node/9690">this one by Francis Lalanne</a> (the viewers, the cameraman, the pen-pushers); <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f2d511a4-a3b2-491c-9902-94ac2420a060" href="/node/9702">this episode of Intervilles</a> (the viewers, contestant 1, contestant 2, the crowd, Guy Lux); but also <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="3242965d-c484-45c9-8597-7e2c4b90d6c9" href="/node/9547">this radio show disrupted by an animal rights activist</a> (Alexis Grüss, the young lady, the security staff, the listeners, Joël).</p>\r\n ◀<p>But focalization is even more remarkable when it happens with three, four, even five different forms of address. Spectacular examples of multi-focalization c ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre"><i>Sarcasm</i></h4>\r\n
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<p>Other interesting cases of focalization are those where a speaker addresses several categories of interlocutors all at once: in this Fernand Raynaud recording, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="969fdad5-0a70-4a28-a39d-479031dd1520" href="/node/10309">the comedian’s instructions and corrections</a>, aimed at his guest, are precisely what change the focal point of his address (as in <a href="ashan"><i>Ashanti</i></a>, incidentally). In Fernand Raynaud’s cruel utterances, we can hear how he is speaking <i>both</i> to Jacky Bernard and to a future listener (the recording was published as a single that Raynaud gave his friends): its aim is double.<br />\r\n ◀<p>Other interesting cases of focalization are those where a speaker addresses several categories of interlocutors all at once: in this Fernand Raynaud recordin ▶
Likewise, in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="19c7998d-b0fc-48fa-8bc2-8e0e97e3e9af" href="/node/10251">this excerpt of </a><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="19c7998d-b0fc-48fa-8bc2-8e0e97e3e9af" href="/node/10251"><i>L’Ecole des fans</i></a>, Jacques Martin technically only addresses the audience (first level of discourse), but his speech contains a hidden address to Jean-Sébastien (second level), even though the host’s sarcasm will always be intended for the audience (third level).<br />\r\n ◀Likewise, in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="19c7998d-b0fc-48fa-8bc2-8e0e97e3e9af" href="/node/10251">this exc ▶
Finally, in this recording of <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="948b3cf8-ff93-4246-a99a-7543b3582480" href="/node/10332">a man speaking to no one in particular</a> on the subway, we can hear different forms of address, whether abstract or concrete, present or absent, which follow and melt into one another to such a point that it becomes unclear, in the end, who exactly is being spoken to.</p>\r\n ◀Finally, in this recording of <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="948b3cf8-ff93-4246-a99a-7543b3582480" href="/nod ▶
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<p><strong>Focalisation |Phénomène par lequel une parole joue de différentes adresses. Manière de changer d'interlocuteur, d'élargir ou de resserrer sa cible, de se distribuer entre divers destinataires, voire de s'adresser en même temps à plusieurs instances.</strong></p>\r\n ◀<p><strong>Focalisation |Phénomène par lequel une parole joue de différentes adresses. Manière de changer d'interlocuteur, d'élargir ou de resserrer sa cible, d ▶
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<p><br />\r\n
Toute parole est adressée. On ne peut imaginer parler à <em>personne</em> : que ce soit à une chose inerte, à une idée abstraite, à un absent, voire à soi-même ou à Dieu, la parole humaine n'existe que dans le mouvement qui la constitue vers autre chose : elle est vecteur, toujours elle vise. La notion de focalisation permet d’observer comment l’adresse d’un discours peut se transformer, soudain se concentrer ou au contraire s’ouvrir, se déplacer ou se distribuer entre plusieurs interlocuteurs. </p>\r\n ◀Toute parole est adressée. On ne peut imaginer parler à <em>personne</em> : que ce soit à une chose inerte, à une idée abstraite, à un absent, voire à soi-même ▶
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<p>La collection s’ouvre sur un cas paradoxal de focalisation : <a href="/node/10363" title="Si demain">un chanteur tutoie son public</a>, c’est-à-dire qu’il s’adresse <em>à la fois</em> à une foule et à chaque membre de cette foule. Les autres documents de la collection peuvent être répartis en cinq grandes familles de focalisations.</p>\r\n ◀<p>La collection s’ouvre sur un cas paradoxal de focalisation : <a href="/node/10363" title="Si demain">un chanteur tutoie son public</a>, c’est-à-dire qu’il s’ ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre"><br />\r\n
<em>Resserrement</em></h4>\r\n
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<p>Il arrive souvent qu’un orateur en train de s’adresser à toute une assemblée se focalise soudain sur l'un de ses membres : <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7b2253ec-50ae-4619-8754-f10a719c61f3" href="/node/9561">ici</a> Villepin concentre sa réponse sur François Hollande, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="904f19f6-9357-4c9a-a140-6f4028b799d3" href="/node/10321">là</a> Daniel Cohn Bendit apostrophe son homologue Martin Schultz. On entend dans les deux cas l’adresse se préciser et pour ainsi dire <em>se muscler</em> au moment où elle se resserre.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Il arrive souvent qu’un orateur en train de s’adresser à toute une assemblée se focalise soudain sur l'un de ses membres : <a data-entity-substitution="canon ▶
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<p>Le même phénomène de resserrement, quoique de manière plus attendue et donc plus flegmatique, est à l’œuvre dans <a href="/node/10248">cette vente aux enchères</a> où le commissaire-priseur passe d’une adresse large et ouverte, interrogative, à une adresse fermée, ciblée sur certains individus en particulier, ratifiant leur offre au moment où ils surenchérissent.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Le même phénomène de resserrement, quoique de manière plus attendue et donc plus flegmatique, est à l’œuvre dans <a href="/node/10248">cette vente aux enchèr ▶
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<p>Dans un autre contexte, Roland Barthes, <a href="/node/10197">au moment de commencer son cours au Collège de France</a>, resserre à un moment son discours sur les auditeurs qui sont debout dans la salle, les invitant à revenir une autre fois. <a href="/node/10354" title="Quelle année as-tu lu Proust?">Dans une conférence sur Proust</a>, François Bon illustre son propos en s'adressant personnellement à un des membres de l'assistance. De même, dans cet extrait du film <em>Entre les murs</em>, <a href="/node/9916">le professeur s’adresse</a> d’abord à la classe entière puis resserre son adresse sur certains de ses membres, en ciblant ses injonctions. <a href="/node/10425" title="Raudage">Un laboureur ne fait pas autrement</a> quand il distribue ses indications à chacun de ses bœufs.</p>\r\n ◀<p>Dans un autre contexte, Roland Barthes, <a href="/node/10197">au moment de commencer son cours au Collège de France</a>, resserre à un moment son discours su ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre"><br />\r\n
<em>Distribution</em></h4>\r\n
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<p>L’exemple le plus systématique d’adresse distribuée nous est donné dans <a href="/node/9701">cette liste de remerciements</a> tirée d’un concert de Jane Birkin. Les situations formelles, comme <a href="/node/10325">le discours d'investiture de Jacques Chirac</a> ou <a href="/node/9475">cette plaidoirie de Jacques Vergès</a>, sont également propices à ce genre d’adresse sérielle, tout comme, dans un mode nettement plus relâché, <a href="/node/9733">les messages télévisuels</a>.</p>\r\n ◀<p>L’exemple le plus systématique d’adresse distribuée nous est donné dans <a href="/node/9701">cette liste de remerciements</a> tirée d’un concert de Jane ▶
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<p>On peut entendre dans cet extrait d’<a href="/node/9699">un spectacle de Claudia Tagbo</a> comment la comique divise son public en s’adressant successivement aux Blanches, aux Arabes, aux Noires, aux Asiatiques ou lors de <a href="/node/9911">ce concert de A Silver Mt. Zion</a> où le chanteur s'adresse à son public en le distribuant en catégories socio-professionnelles.\u{FEFF}</p>\r\n ◀<p>On peut entendre dans cet extrait d’<a href="/node/9699">un spectacle de Claudia Tagbo</a> comment la comique divise son public en s’adressant successivement ▶
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<h4 class="inter-titre"><br />\r\n
<em>Alternance</em></h4>\r\n
\r\n
<p>Le phénomène de focalisation le plus spectaculaire est peut-être celui où le locuteur alterne des adresses de statut très différent : ainsi <a href="/node/10351" title="Premier baiser">ce monsieur</a> qui, sur un mode très contrasté\u{FEFF}, parle alternativement à une journaliste de France Culture et à son chien\u{FEFF} ; ou bien <a href="/node/10316" title="Little Ivy">cette voix</a> qui parle sans transition à un humain et à une plante ; <a href="/node/10324" title="Mes bananes">ce maraîcher</a> qui passe de l'aparté au général ; <a href="/node/9878">cette chanteuse en séance de coaching</a> alternant ses adresses entre son élève et un public imaginaire, ou encore <a href="/node/10293" title="La Pomponnette">ce célèbre extrait de la <em>Femme du boulanger</em></a>, où le personnage joué par Raimu transpose le discours de reproches à sa femme vers la chatte qui vient d’apparaître dans la cuisine.<br />\r\n ◀<p>Le phénomène de focalisation le plus spectaculaire est peut-être celui où le locuteur alterne des adresses de statut très différent : ainsi <a href="/node/10 ▶
Il arrive parfois que le changement d’adresse se fasse sous un mode plus insensible, comme dans ce message de <a href="/node/10271">l’ancien chanteur du groupe Pantera</a> à propos de la mort du guitariste Dimebag Darrel : on l’entend passer du "il" au "tu", transformant un message d’excuses à sa famille en une déclaration d’amour. </p>\r\n ◀Il arrive parfois que le changement d’adresse se fasse sous un mode plus insensible, comme dans ce message de <a href="/node/10271">l’ancien chanteur du groupe ▶
\r\n
<p>La radio et la télévision fournissent de nombreux cas d’alternance d’adresses, puisqu’on y passe souvent d’une adresse générique aux auditeurs ou aux télespectateurs à des formes d’adresses concrètes et ciblées, que ce soit l’invité, comme dans <a href="/node/9696">cette interview de Colette</a> ou de <a href="/node/9697" title="Votre parti, Madame">Ségolène Royal</a>, ou le co-animateur, comme dans <a href="/node/9381">cette émission de radio amateur</a> où l’on entend les deux animateurs en herbe préparer leur intervention.</p>\r\n ◀<p>La radio et la télévision fournissent de nombreux cas d’alternance d’adresses, puisqu’on y passe souvent d’une adresse générique aux auditeurs ou aux télespe ▶
\r\n
<h4 class="inter-titre"><br />\r\n
<em>Multi-focalisations</em></h4>\r\n
\r\n
<p>Mais les focalisations sont encore plus remarquables quand elles se font entre trois, quatre, voire cinq types d’adresses différentes. La télévision montre souvent des cas très spectaculaires de multi-focalisations. Ainsi dans <a href="/node/9698">cette émission d’Evelyne Thomas</a> (adresses successives à Thomas, aux téléspectateurs, aux invités du plateau) ; ce fou-rire de <a href="/node/10193">la présentatrice Laurie Cholewa</a> (le public, les collègues, les téléspectateurs); <a href="/node/9909">cette conseillère régionale</a><strong> (</strong>le président, le conseil, un conseiller); ce plateau télévisé animé par <a href="/node/9910">Claude François</a> (le public, les téléspectateurs, l'invité, l'orchestre)\u{FEFF} <a href="/node/10320">\u{FEFF}cette matelote d’anguille</a> de Maïté (le téléspectateur, Micheline, l’anguille) ; <a href="/node/10223">cette intervention de Michel Sardou</a> (vous, toi, toi, le type qui fait "ouh") ou celle-ci de <a href="/node/9690" title="Vous, ronds de cuir">Francis Lalanne</a> (les téléspectateurs, le cameraman, les ronds-de-cuir) ; <a href="/node/9702">cet épisode d’Intervilles</a> (les téléspectateurs, le candidat 1, le candidat 2, la foule, Guy Lux) ; mais également <a href="/node/9547">cette émission de radio</a> perturbée par une militante pour la cause des animaux (Alexis Grüss, la demoiselle, le service de sécurité, les auditeurs, Joël).</p>\r\n ◀<p>Mais les focalisations sont encore plus remarquables quand elles se font entre trois, quatre, voire cinq types d’adresses différentes. La télévision montre s ▶
\r\n
<h4 class="inter-titre"><br />\r\n
<em>Ironie</em></h4>\r\n
\r\n
<p>D’autres situations intéressantes de focalisations sont celles où l’on s’adresse à différents interlocuteurs à la fois : dans <a href="/node/10309">cet enregistrement dû à Fernand Raynaud</a>, ce sont les indications et corrections du comique à son invité qui créent les changements de focales (réécouter <a href="/node/9381" title="Ashanti"><em>Ashanti</em></a>). On entend bien dans les cruelles interventions de Fernand Raynaud comment il s’adresse <em>à la fois</em> au pauvre Jacky Bernard et à un auditeur à venir (l’enregistrement a été publié sous la forme d'un 45 tours que Raynaud offrait à ses amis) : il y a une double destination.</p>\r\n ◀<p>D’autres situations intéressantes de focalisations sont celles où l’on s’adresse à différents interlocuteurs à la fois : dans <a href="/node/10309">cet enreg ▶
\r\n
<p>De même, dans <a href="/node/10251">cet extrait de <em>L’Ecole des Fans</em></a>, Jacques Martin ne s’adresse formellement qu’au public (premier niveau), mais sa parole comporte en elle-même une adresse masquée à Jean-Sébastien (deuxième niveau) même si bien sûr l’ironie de l’animateur est <em>in fine</em> destinée au public (troisième niveau).</p>\r\n ◀<p>De même, dans <a href="/node/10251">cet extrait de <em>L’Ecole des Fans</em></a>, Jacques Martin ne s’adresse formellement qu’au public (premier niveau), mai ▶
\r\n
<p>La collection se conclut avec un exemple ambigu d’<a href="/node/10332">un homme parlant à la cantonade dans le métro</a>. Différentes sortes d’adresses, concrètes et abstraites, présentes et absentes, se succèdent et se mélangent, si bien qu’on ne sait plus qui est visé en dernière instance.</p>\r\n ◀<p>La collection se conclut avec un exemple ambigu d’<a href="/node/10332">un homme parlant à la cantonade dans le métro</a>. Différentes sortes d’adresses, con ▶
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#fieldStorage: null
#itemDefinition: null
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}
"default_langcode" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1223 ▶
#definition: array:9 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1224 ▶
#string: "Default translation"
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#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1225 ▶
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#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
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"revisionable" => true
"default_value" => array:1 [▶
0 => array:1 [▶
"value" => true
]
]
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]
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#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1226 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:boolean"
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"on_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1227 ▶
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}
"off_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1228 ▶
#string: "Off"
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#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
]
]
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}
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"revision_default" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1229 ▶
#definition: array:10 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1230 ▶
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#translatedMarkup: null
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}
"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1231 ▶
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#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
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"translatable" => false
"revisionable" => true
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"bundle" => null
]
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#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1232 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:boolean"
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"on_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1233 ▶
#string: "On"
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#stringTranslation: null
}
"off_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1234 ▶
#string: "Off"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
]
]
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}
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#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
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}
"revision_translation_affected" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1235 ▶
#definition: array:9 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1236 ▶
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#translatedMarkup: null
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#stringTranslation: null
}
"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1237 ▶
#string: "Indicates if the last edit of a translation belongs to current revision."
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#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
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"revisionable" => true
"translatable" => true
"provider" => "taxonomy"
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"entity_type" => "taxonomy_term"
"bundle" => null
]
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#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1238 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:boolean"
"settings" => array:2 [▶
"on_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1239 ▶
#string: "On"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"off_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1240 ▶
#string: "Off"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
]
]
#typedDataManager: null
#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1235}
}
#type: "boolean"
#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"metatag" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1241 ▶
#definition: array:10 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1242 ▶
#string: "Metatags (Hidden field for JSON support)"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1243 ▶
#string: "The computed meta tags for the entity."
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"computed" => true
"translatable" => true
"read-only" => true
"entity_type" => "taxonomy_term"
"cardinality" => -1
"provider" => "metatag"
"field_name" => "metatag"
"bundle" => null
]
#typedDataManager: null
#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1244 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:metatag_computed"
"settings" => []
]
#typedDataManager: null
#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1241}
}
#type: "metatag_computed"
#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"path" => Drupal\Core\Field\Entity\BaseFieldOverride {#1273 ▶
#entityTypeId: "base_field_override"
#enforceIsNew: null
#typedData: null
#cacheContexts: array:2 [▶
0 => "url.site"
1 => "languages:language_interface"
]
#cacheTags: []
#cacheMaxAge: -1
#_serviceIds: []
#_entityStorages: []
#originalId: "taxonomy_term.entrees.path"
#status: true
#uuid: "ad1042f1-dcec-47c3-8992-724bfb598beb"
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#langcode: "fr"
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#trustedData: false
#dependencies: array:2 [▶
"config" => array:1 [▶
0 => "taxonomy.vocabulary.entrees"
]
"module" => array:1 [▶
0 => "path"
]
]
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#id: "taxonomy_term.entrees.path"
#field_name: "path"
#field_type: "path"
#entity_type: "taxonomy_term"
#bundle: "entrees"
#label: "Alias d'URL"
#description: ""
#settings: []
#required: false
#translatable: false
#default_value: []
#default_value_callback: ""
#fieldStorage: null
#itemDefinition: null
#constraints: []
#propertyConstraints: []
#baseFieldDefinition: null
+original: ? Drupal\Core\Field\Entity\BaseFieldOverride
}
"content_translation_source" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1248 ▶
#definition: array:10 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1249 ▶
#string: "Translation source"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1250 ▶
#string: "The source language from which this translation was created."
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"default_value" => array:1 [▶
0 => array:1 [▶
"value" => "und"
]
]
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0 => array:1 [▶
"value" => "und"
]
]
"revisionable" => true
"translatable" => true
"provider" => "content_translation"
"field_name" => "content_translation_source"
"entity_type" => "taxonomy_term"
"bundle" => null
]
#typedDataManager: null
#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1251 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:language"
"settings" => []
]
#typedDataManager: null
#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1248}
}
#type: "language"
#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"content_translation_outdated" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1252 ▶
#definition: array:10 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1253 ▶
#string: "Translation outdated"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1254 ▶
#string: "A boolean indicating whether this translation needs to be updated."
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"default_value" => array:1 [▶
0 => array:1 [▶
"value" => false
]
]
"initial_value" => array:1 [▶
0 => array:1 [▶
"value" => false
]
]
"revisionable" => true
"translatable" => true
"provider" => "content_translation"
"field_name" => "content_translation_outdated"
"entity_type" => "taxonomy_term"
"bundle" => null
]
#typedDataManager: null
#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1255 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:boolean"
"settings" => array:2 [▶
"on_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1256 ▶
#string: "On"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"off_label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1257 ▶
#string: "Off"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
]
]
#typedDataManager: null
#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1252}
}
#type: "boolean"
#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"content_translation_uid" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1258 ▶
#definition: array:9 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1259 ▶
#string: "Translation author"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1260 ▶
#string: "The author of this translation."
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"revisionable" => true
"default_value_callback" => "Drupal\taxonomy\TermTranslationHandler::getDefaultOwnerId"
"translatable" => true
"provider" => "content_translation"
"field_name" => "content_translation_uid"
"entity_type" => "taxonomy_term"
"bundle" => null
]
#typedDataManager: null
#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1261 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:entity_reference"
"settings" => array:3 [▶
"target_type" => "user"
"handler" => "default"
"handler_settings" => []
]
]
#typedDataManager: null
#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1258}
}
#type: "entity_reference"
#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"content_translation_created" => Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1262 ▶
#definition: array:8 [▶
"label" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1263 ▶
#string: "Translation created time"
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"description" => Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup {#1264 ▶
#string: "The Unix timestamp when the translation was created."
#arguments: []
#translatedMarkup: null
#options: []
#stringTranslation: null
}
"revisionable" => true
"translatable" => true
"provider" => "content_translation"
"field_name" => "content_translation_created"
"entity_type" => "taxonomy_term"
"bundle" => null
]
#typedDataManager: null
#itemDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\TypedData\FieldItemDataDefinition {#1265 ▶
#definition: array:2 [▶
"type" => "field_item:created"
"settings" => []
]
#typedDataManager: null
#fieldDefinition: Drupal\Core\Field\BaseFieldDefinition {#1262}
}
#type: "created"
#propertyDefinitions: null
#schema: null
#indexes: []
}
"field_color" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#1274 ▶
#entityTypeId: "field_config"
#enforceIsNew: null
#typedData: null
#cacheContexts: array:2 [▶
0 => "url.site"
1 => "languages:language_interface"
]
#cacheTags: []
#cacheMaxAge: -1
#_serviceIds: []
#_entityStorages: []
#originalId: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_color"
#status: true
#uuid: "185764a3-7cbf-4de2-a7b1-aafab3624b20"
-isUninstalling: false
#langcode: "fr"
#third_party_settings: []
#_core: []
#trustedData: false
#dependencies: array:2 [▶
"config" => array:2 [▶
0 => "field.storage.taxonomy_term.field_color"
1 => "taxonomy.vocabulary.entrees"
]
"module" => array:1 [▶
0 => "color_field"
]
]
#isSyncing: false
#id: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_color"
#field_name: "field_color"
#field_type: "color_field_type"
#entity_type: "taxonomy_term"
#bundle: "entrees"
#label: "Color"
#description: ""
#settings: array:1 [▶
"opacity" => 0
]
#required: true
#translatable: false
#default_value: []
#default_value_callback: ""
#fieldStorage: null
#itemDefinition: null
#constraints: []
#propertyConstraints: []
#deleted: false
+original: ? Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig
}
"field_notice" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#1275 ▶
#entityTypeId: "field_config"
#enforceIsNew: null
#typedData: null
#cacheContexts: array:2 [▶
0 => "url.site"
1 => "languages:language_interface"
]
#cacheTags: []
#cacheMaxAge: -1
#_serviceIds: []
#_entityStorages: []
#originalId: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_notice"
#status: true
#uuid: "1c4e5658-bc6e-4713-95c8-1f05a3b37dcb"
-isUninstalling: false
#langcode: "fr"
#third_party_settings: []
#_core: []
#trustedData: false
#dependencies: array:2 [▶
"config" => array:2 [▶
0 => "field.storage.taxonomy_term.field_notice"
1 => "taxonomy.vocabulary.entrees"
]
"module" => array:1 [▶
0 => "text"
]
]
#isSyncing: false
#id: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_notice"
#field_name: "field_notice"
#field_type: "text_long"
#entity_type: "taxonomy_term"
#bundle: "entrees"
#label: "Notice"
#description: ""
#settings: []
#required: false
#translatable: true
#default_value: []
#default_value_callback: ""
#fieldStorage: null
#itemDefinition: null
#constraints: []
#propertyConstraints: []
#deleted: false
+original: ? Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig
}
"field_workflow" => Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig {#1276 ▶
#entityTypeId: "field_config"
#enforceIsNew: null
#typedData: null
#cacheContexts: array:2 [▶
0 => "url.site"
1 => "languages:language_interface"
]
#cacheTags: []
#cacheMaxAge: -1
#_serviceIds: []
#_entityStorages: []
#originalId: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_workflow"
#status: true
#uuid: "e0dc8009-88cd-48a6-9333-ab4666478b8f"
-isUninstalling: false
#langcode: "fr"
#third_party_settings: []
#_core: []
#trustedData: false
#dependencies: array:2 [▶
"config" => array:2 [▶
0 => "field.storage.taxonomy_term.field_workflow"
1 => "taxonomy.vocabulary.entrees"
]
"module" => array:1 [▶
0 => "workflow"
]
]
#isSyncing: false
#id: "taxonomy_term.entrees.field_workflow"
#field_name: "field_workflow"
#field_type: "workflow"
#entity_type: "taxonomy_term"
#bundle: "entrees"
#label: "Workflow"
#description: ""
#settings: []
#required: true
#translatable: false
#default_value: array:1 [▶
0 => []
]
#default_value_callback: ""
#fieldStorage: null
#itemDefinition: null
#constraints: []
#propertyConstraints: []
#deleted: false
+original: ? Drupal\field\Entity\FieldConfig
}
]
#languages: array:4 [▶
"fr" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1097 ▶
#name: "French"
#id: "fr"
#direction: "ltr"
#weight: 0
#locked: false
}
"en" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1096 ▶
#name: "English"
#id: "en"
#direction: "ltr"
#weight: 1
#locked: false
}
"und" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1098 ▶
#name: "Non spécifié"
#id: "und"
#direction: "ltr"
#weight: 2
#locked: true
}
"zxx" => Drupal\Core\Language\Language {#1088 ▶
#name: "Non applicable"
#id: "zxx"
#direction: "ltr"
#weight: 3
#locked: true
}
]
#langcodeKey: "langcode"
#defaultLangcodeKey: "default_langcode"
#activeLangcode: "x-default"
#enforceDefaultTranslation: null
#defaultLangcode: "fr"
#translations: array:2 [▶
"x-default" => array:1 [▶
"status" => 1
]
"en" => array:1 [▶
"status" => 1
]
]
#translationInitialize: false
#newRevision: false
#isDefaultRevision: "1"
#entityKeys: array:4 [▶
"bundle" => "entrees"
"id" => "129"
"revision" => "129"
"uuid" => "ce43e388-ce0f-4e81-adfd-45f77ae9d9b3"
]
#translatableEntityKeys: array:5 [▶
"label" => array:2 [▶
"en" => "Focalization"
"x-default" => "Focalisations"
]
"langcode" => array:2 [▶
"x-default" => "fr"
"en" => "en"
]
"published" => array:2 [▶
"en" => "1"
"x-default" => "1"
]
"default_langcode" => array:2 [▶
"en" => "0"
"x-default" => "1"
]
"revision_translation_affected" => array:2 [▶
"en" => null
"x-default" => "1"
]
]
#validated: false
#validationRequired: false
#loadedRevisionId: "129"
#revisionTranslationAffectedKey: "revision_translation_affected"
#enforceRevisionTranslationAffected: []
#isSyncing: false
}